Prediction of sites under adaptive evolution in flavin-containing monooxygenases: Selection pattern revisited

Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), like cytochrome P450 (CYP), is a monooxygenase that uses the reducing equivalents of NADPH to reduce one atom of molecular oxygen to water, while the other atom is used to oxidize the substrate. Recently, it was shown that some CYP isoforms have been subject to positive selection. However, it is unknown whether the highly conserved phase I detoxification enzyme, FMO, has undergone similar positive Darwinian selection. We used maximum-likelihood models of codon substitution, evolutionary fingerprinting, and cross species comparison to investigate the occurrence of adaptive evolution in FMO sequences. We used recent genomic data from a range of species, including vertebrates and invertebrates. We present the evidence for the occurrence of adaptive evolution in mammalian FMO 3, 4, 5, and fugu FMOs but not in mammalian FMO 1, FMO 2, frog FMOs, other fish FMOs and invertebrate FMOs. The sites under adaptive evolution were significantly associated with the insertion domain in mammalian FMO 5. We identified specific amino acid sites in FMOs 3–5 that are likely targets for selection based on the patterns of parallel amino acid change. The most likely role of adaptive evolution is the repair of mutations that permitted optimal NADP+ binding and improved catalytic efficiency. The occurrence of positive selection during the evolution of phase I detoxification enzymes such as FMOs 3–5 and fugu FMO suggests the occurrence of both high selection pressure acting on species within their unique habitats and significant changes in intensity and direction (forms of xenobiotics and drugs) resulting from changes in microhabitat and food.     

重液化地基强夯与碎石挤密桩处理方案的优选

着重介绍了采用强夯和碎石挤密桩的办法进行重液化地基处理的施工工艺、处理结果,并从工程造价、工期、设计要求等方面对两种方案进行了优选。     

“现采为主”模式下的书商选择及技术指标设定研究

由于现采模式的新书比例大、到书快、差错率小等特点,逐渐在图书采访中占有越来越高的比例,因此对于书商现采供货能力的考评已经成为现今招标要求中的重要内容.针对高校图书馆现采过程中遇到的种种问题,通过分析书商现采供货能力,介绍了在高比例现采的模式下如何选择书商的方法,同时对招标过程中如何科学地设定技术评分指标,以达到规避风险,选择理想供货商的目的进行了具体论述.     

浅谈如何准确地做好家畜后裔测定

概述了家畜后裔测定的作用,介绍了后裔测定时应注意的事项,提出了几种后裔测定常用方法.     

高校图书馆电子阅览室学生义务馆员的选用与管理——以福州大学图书馆电子阅览室为例

分析了高校图书馆电子阅览室设立学生义务馆员的必要性，并以福州大学图书馆电子阅览室为例，就如何选用和管理学生义务馆员，初步探讨了使其积极参与图书馆电子阅览室工作的问题．     

公众环保意识影响地方政府环保决策的范例——广东番禺垃圾焚烧厂选址事件的分析

当城市拥有了整洁的环境,大多数人利益得到保证的同时,如何保障垃圾厂周边少数人的利益,成为社会需要认真面对的问题。通过对广东番禺垃圾焚烧厂选址事件中公众环保意识增强和由此引发的相关民间环保行动为范例,分析了公众环保意识影响政府环保决策的过程。     

对江苏拳击队科学选材与训练的研究

通过文献资料、问卷调查等研究方法对拳击队科学选材与训练进行了研究,总结指出科学选材体系的三大方面:身体形态、身体机能、身体素质;探讨了拳击运动员选材的基本要求:教练员的主导作用、科学选择方法与标准问题、选材的遗传性问题、过早专业化问题等等。在此基础上提出了拳击运动员技术、体能与心理训练的方法与手段。     

Sequence analysis of the Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-912 phytochrome gene supports positive selection in cyanobacteria

The phytochrome gene from Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-912,isolated from algal blooms in Taihu Lake in China,was sequenced and found to code for a wavelength transition light receptor protein.The gene was composed of five distinct domains:a PAS fold domain,a GAF domain,a phytochrome domain,a His Kinase A(phosphoacceptor) domain,and a histidine kinase domain.Red-absorbing phytochrome,far-red-absorbing phytochrome,and photoconversion kinetics were monitored via the spectral characteristics of the protein.To detect positive selection,homologous sequences from cyanobacterium phytochrome genes were obtained from GenBank.Potential selective pressure was identified by phylogenetic analysis with maximum likelihood analyses.The frequency of the phytochrome gene being subjected to selective constraints suggests that positive selection is a potentially important mechanism that promotes the evolution of the cyanobacteria phytochrome gene.The sites identified in this study provide targets for further research on the structural-functional role of these residues,and on the correlation with the mechanism of algal blooms.     

关于当代生命科学研究对象的划界、分析与表征的讨论

本文讨论了当代生命科学研究对象的划界、分析与表征的问题,首先围绕三个分主题对国际生物学的历史、哲学和社会学研究协会(ISHPSSB)2011年双年会的相关报告进行介绍并评论:关于基因组学与后基因组学的本体论和认识论问题;关于自然选择理论的扩展性的研究;对于生物学个体性概念的讨论,然后介绍了作者在共生语境下对生物学个体概念的研究进展。文章指出,对同一对象的不同表征模式以及对同一概念的不同分析方式,体现了两种科学传统在当代生命科学中的冲突与交汇;系统生物学力图综合不同研究范式,整合不同生命组织的层次,对其独特的研究方法、概念体系进行分析和讨论,将是未来生物学哲学的热门研究课题。