采煤对上党盆地城镇群区域环境的影响及防治对策

通过对长治市1＋6上党城镇群区域环境现状进行的全面调查分析,得出采煤对生态环境造成的影响,并从政策和技术两个层面提出了相应的防治对策。     

Surface pollen assemblages of human-disturbed vegetation and their relationship with vegetation and climate in Northeast China

Pollen assemblages of 53 surface pollen samples from farmlands and wastelands in Northeast China were analyzed. Tree pollen percentages were usually higher than 30%, with Pinus (26.9%), Quercus (0.9%), Betula (0.9%) and Populus (0.7%) as the major types, and herb pollen percentages were usually higher than 50%, with weedy Poaceae (8.7%), Chenopodiaceae (7.1%), Artemisia (1.9%) and Compositae (3.5%) as the major taxa. Thus, the pollen assemblages were consistent with the regional vegetation compositions. However, there were differences in pollen assemblages among regions, especially among different geomorphological units. For example, in the mountains, there were more types of tree pollen and higher total percentages (average 42%) than in other areas, while cereal pollen percentages were lowest (11.2%). In the hills and high plains, herbs made up more than 60% of the pollens, with cereals (average 53.6%) the dominant type. In the low plains, pollen types were similar to those in the hills and high plains, but total pollen concentrations and the proportion of Concentricystes were much higher, while cereal pollen percentages were slightly lower (average 41.6%). Pollen assemblages in different land use types also differed. For example, in farmland, cereal pollen percentages were more than 40% and Chenopodiaceae was usually less than 2.5%, while in wasteland, weedy Poaceae was usually less than 10% and Chenopodiaceae was usually higher than 25%. Total pollen concentrations in farmland (average 3909 grains/g) were much lower than in wasteland (average 15074 grains/g). Redundancy analysis revealed that pollen assemblages were significantly negatively correlated with mean annual temperature (-0.73) and July mean temperature (-0.81) and significantly positively correlated with mean annual precipitation (0.48), indicating that pollen assemblages in the artificial or human-disturbed vegetation reflect regional climate well. Comparison of pollen assemblages in different areas of northern China showed that pollen concentrations reflect the intensities of human impact to some degree. For example, pollen concentrations decrease as human impacts increase in intensity. The cereal pollen proportions in farmland differed by area. In Northeast China, cereal pollen proportions were distinctly higher than in most other areas of northern China, suggesting differences in planting habits and climate.     

网络环境下的语言文字应用研究综述

网络环境下,语言文字有其独特的应用特征,网络语言的广泛流传对汉语言文字和人们的语言生活产生了正反两方面的影响。语言使用者和语言管理者都要积极行动起来,采取相应的规范措施使用和管理网络语言,从而扬其长避其短,为网络语言提供更好的发展前景。     

浅析RTK技术在地形测量中的运用

介绍了RTK的3种测量模式,通过分析RTK技术对临汾市地形进行测绘的实战作业,总结出常规作业模式的特点。     

聚碳酸酯冲击断面形态

用扫描电镜观察聚碳酸酯(PC)缺口冲击破坏断面形态。结果表明,断面形态主要包括平滑面、放射线条纹和带三种。放射线条纹具有金属断口似的“放射剪切花样”和“河流花样”,还有“色骨花样”和“蝴蝶翅花样”。放射线条纹基本上是以撕裂台阶形式呈位错逐段连接起来的。位于裂源区和放射线区的带的微观结构是相同的。它们都是银纹和裂纹的不连续增长带。     

岩石动态破裂全过程曲线测试的研究

介绍了一种测定岩石动态荷载-位移全过程曲线的实验技术。该方法采用长杆自由下落冲击圆柱形岩石试件。通过对杆端荷载的测量,并基于长杆条件下荷载、位移及落高之间存在的定量关系,进行了位移计算,从而得到荷载-位移全过程曲线。文中给出了三种岩石的动态荷载-位移全过程曲线。     

二度地形的磁电阻率异常计算方法的研究

磁电阻率(MMR)法的地形影响,是一个急待解决的重要课题,而要对磁电阻率法进行地改,关键是要求出纯地形点源供电时地下传导电流所产生的磁场。本文着重研究了二度地形地下传导电流磁场的计算方法,详细分析了波数城磁场的特点,在此基础上,提出了用负指数函数逐段拟合的方法来进行反富氏变换从而计算空间域磁场的计算方案。最后利用解析解及模型试验结果论证了此算法的有效性。     

塑性梁受冲击作用时的动力剪切与弯曲效应分析

本文讨论了受非对称集中冲击作用下的两端固定刚塑性梁的动力响应分析。文中给出了当特征长度 l=6M_0/Q_0小于冲击力作用点到梁端距离时,计入剪切滑移时的解只需对塑性弯曲动力响应问题的解略加修正便可得到,并给出了具体论证和数据结果。     

弹击Ly12矩形靶板的裂纹和塑性区的特征分析

用金相学和云纹法分析了予应力Ｌｙ１２矩形靶承受高速弹体穿击区周围裂纹的萌生，扩展和断裂过程，扩展状态和破坏特征，研究表明：冲击载荷引起第２相粒子的振动，形成空洞是裂纹起裂的主要因素，空洞连接成串导致裂纹扩展和断裂；由于ｌｙ１２的第２相位粒子多处于晶界处，导致材料发生洞晶断裂，裂纹尖端塑性区分布成蝶形，裂纹两侧及与裂尖成４５°方向材料的塑性应变较大，裂尖正前向较远处塑性应变小。     

钙对45钢显微组织及冲击韧性的影响

用端淬法研究了微量钙对４５钢淬透性的影响，以及对正火态，调质态及淬火低温回火态的显微组织和室温冲击韧性的影响；用俄歇能谱（ＡＥＳ）分析了沿晶断口表面钙的含量，结果表明，微钙钢的淬透性稍低于无钙钢；微钙钢的奥氏体晶粒粗化、珠光体片层间距显著增大，３种热处理状态下的室温冲击韧性均有所降低。这些现象与中碳合金钢中所得结果有明显不同。根据钙在奥氏体晶界的偏聚现象及其与其他元素的偏聚互作用理论，对此进行了讨