Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium for 1-Butanol-Water-KF and 1-Butanol-Water-K2CO3 Systems

KF or K2CO3 was added into the 1-butanol-water system and two phases were formed： water-rich phase （water phase） and 1-butanol-rich phase （1-butanol phase）. The liquid liquid equilibrium （LLE） data for 1-butanol-water-KF and 1-butanol-water-K2CO3 systems were measured at 25℃ and showed that 1-butanol phase contained negligible salt and water phase contained negligible 1-butanol when the concentrations of KF and K2CO3 in the water phase were equal to or higher than 27.11% and 31.68% , respectively. Thus water could be separated efficiently from 1-butanol-water by adding KF or K2CO3 into the system. A theoretical calculation of LLE data was calculated by using the Pitzer theory to get water activity in the water phase, and by the models, such as the Wilson, NRTL or the UNIQUAC for the 1-butanol phase. For 1-hutanol-water-KF system, the experimental data were found in good agreement with the calculated results by using Pitzer theory and Wilson equa tion, while for 1-butanol-water-K2CO3 system, the experimental data were found in good agreement with the calculated results by using Pitzer theory and UNIQUAC eauation.     

我国古代刑法的溯及力

刑法溯及力在我国古代法律文献中多有记载，随着历代刑事政策以及立法指导思想的变化，历史上各朝代对刑法溯及力规定各有不同。唐朝刑律立法成熟，确立了现代意义上的“从旧兼从轻”原则，从法律制度史角度来看，当是现代刑法溯及力制度的渊源。     

300 MW直接空冷机组启动冲洗工艺探讨

以华泽铝电空冷机组为例，对300MW直接空冷机组的启动冲洗工艺进行了探讨，并对其冲洗方法和冲洗原则进行了较为详细的介绍。     

非晶态Te_（81）Ge_（15）Sb_4薄膜材料的电学性能

对用熔体淬火再真空蒸发所制备的非晶态Ｔｅ＿（８ｌ）Ｇｅ＿（１５）Ｓｂ＿４薄膜的伏－安特性，直流电导率及玻璃转变温度等性能进行了研究。结果表明，这种材料具有较好的开关效应及较高的热稳定性，可用作开关器件等。     

Internal interactions within the human circadian system: the masking effect

Summary In the realm of human circadian rhythms, the masking effect is defined as the change in the course of deep body temperature induced by changes in the degree of physical activity, or by the alteration between sleep and wake. This effect is particularly obvious during internal desynchronization where the rhythms of deep body temperature, and the sleep-wake sleep-wake sleep cycle — i.e. one of the masking factors — run with different periods.Every sleep onset is accompanied by a rapid drop, and wake onset by a rapid rise in deep body temperature, each one with an overshoot of about 50% of the steady state variations. When rhythms are calculated, with the dominant temperature period as the screening period, exclusively from data obtained during sleep episodes, on the one hand, and from those obtained exclusively during wake, on the other, two average cycles emerge: the sleep temperature curve and the wake temperature curve. Both run in parallel but are separated by the masking effcct. As derived from many experiments, the mean masking effect amounts to 0.28±0.06°C. The masking effect also depends to some extent on the phase of the temperature rhtthm; it is larger than average around the temperature maximum and during the descending phase of the temperature cycle, where the alertness commonly is highest and the probability to sleep, in general, and the REM sleep propensity, in particular, are smaller than average. This also can be interpreted to indicate that the sleep temperature curve is phase advanced relative to the wake temperature curve; this, on the average, by 0.9±0.3 h.If the individually determined amount of masking is added to the temperature data obtained during sleep, or substracted from the temperature data obtained during wake, a temperature curve emerges that can be though of as being purified of the masking effect. Analyses of this artificial curve allow estimation of that part of the internal interactions uninfluenced by the masking effect. On the average, about half of the amount of interaction between the rhythm of sleep-wake and that of deep body temperature is explained by the masking effect, whereas the other half is oscillatory interaction. Both types of interaction are inherent and inseparable parts of the circadian clock mechanism, as can be deduced from model considerations.     

稀土高碳当量灰口铸铁组织与性能的研究

本文研究了利用稀土合金改善高碳当量灰口铸铁质量的可能性,稀土合金对高碳当 量灰口铸铁组织和性能影响的规律,以及稀土夹杂物在铸铁各相中分布的规律．发现了 稀土合金加入量与铸铁的机械性能之间明显的对应关系——“双峰值效应”。对稀土高 碳当量灰口铸铁的某些高温机械、物理、化学性能进行了研究。结果表明稀土合金加入 到高碳当量灰口铸铁中以后能净化铁水,改善组织,并提高其性能．     

侧爆作用下土中竖井结构弹塑性变形特征分析及计算

针对土中钢板-钢筋混凝土竖井结构在常规武器爆炸作用下塑性铰线形成前的动力响应问题,综合采用模型试验、有限元数值仿真方法,分析了竖井结构中远距离爆炸作用下的变形过程及特征,确定了以量纲一环向相对位移α₁作为结构变形程度的判据。推导了土中竖井结构在常规武器爆炸作用下的动力响应理论解,分析了按照弹性理论计算的量纲一环向相对位移α_1e和有限元计算得到的弹塑性量纲一环向相对位移α_1p的关系及其比值α_1p/α_1e的影响因素,构建了基于弹性解的弹塑性量纲一环向相对位移α_1p工程算法。提出了以量纲一环向相对位移α₁作为结构变形程度的判据,并确定了结构闭环塑性铰线出现、破坏模式改变的阈值为α₁=3%;对比了理论与数值模拟计算结果,验证了提出的理论计算方法可以较好地计算钢板-混凝土竖井组合结构在常规武器爆炸作用下弹性阶段的动力响应;结构长径比、结构缩尺比例、装药量大小对α_1p/α_1e随α<...     

分数阶黏弹性饱和地基与板的共同作用

基于层状分数阶黏弹性横观各向同性饱和地基的固结解答,采用边界元法与有限元法耦合的方法,探讨板与黏弹性饱和地基的共同作用。首先基于Mindlin中厚板理论,得到板的总刚度矩阵方程;随后引入分数阶黏弹性饱和地基的精细积分解答,获得地基柔度矩阵方程;最后利用板?土协调条件,得到黏弹性饱和地基与板共同作用的解答。与已有文献对比,验证了本文解的正确性,并讨论黏弹性饱和地基参数和地基加固深度等因素对筏板与地基共同作用的影响。     

蛭石在低浓度盐酸和硫酸中的溶出性比较研究

蛭石作为三八面体层状硅酸盐矿物,由于其独特的层状结构被广泛应用于各领域．酸处理蛭石能提高蛭石的比表面积,改变层电荷数,达到增加表面活性官能团的目的．以新疆尉犁蛭石为原料,在低浓度盐酸和硫酸界面进行溶出性比较研究,对原料及酸浸后样品的物相、结构、微观形貌以及浸出液中各离子浓度进行表征分析．结果表明：在酸浓度较低时盐酸和硫酸对蛭石的酸蚀程度相当,在酸浓度稍微增加时硫酸对蛭石的酸蚀速度快于盐酸．两种酸的蛭石结构中各金属离子浸出的难易顺序一致,均为：层间物>八面体片>四面体片．Ca²⁺作为层间阳离子在酸浸前4h的溶出速率远大于八面体阳离子Mg²⁺和四面体阳离子Al³⁺,且层间物中Ca²⁺相比于K⁺更容易浸出．适当的酸处理可以提高蛭石的阳离子交换容量．本文对于蛭石的利用开发具有一定意义．     

石膏改良盐碱土研究进展

盐碱土因其瘦、板、生、冷、咸等作物生长障碍性特征而不宜耕种,但“端牢中国饭碗”的国家粮食安全战略则要求必须加大力度“向盐碱地要粮”。实践证明,施用天然或工业副产品石膏可有效改善盐碱土性状,从而提高盐碱地生产力。本研究梳理100多年来国内外相关研究进展,总结了现有石膏改良盐碱土的研究成果,拟为石膏改良盐碱土技术体系的完善和全面推广提供理论依据。分析认为,1895年以来开展的大量研究揭示了石膏改良盐碱土以交换过程和固持过程为主的作用机理;建立了多类石膏改良盐碱土适宜施用量计算公式,表明土壤容重、改土层厚度、土壤碱化度和土壤阳离子交换量等是影响石膏适宜施用量的代表性因素;制定了基于土壤盐碱化程度的石膏施用方法,明确了石膏施用对土壤理化生等方面的有益效果。目前,施用石膏改良盐碱土需配套灌溉措施,定额一般为每666.67 m²施用150～200 m³水,最适方式为喷灌或滴灌等持续性灌溉,不同盐碱度土壤及作物特性需要不同的施用量和施用方法及配套灌溉方法。现有的研究和实践成果为盐碱地高效利用提供了有力支撑,但仍需进一步融合统一适宜施用量计算公式,建立跨区域...