Population biology of figs: Applications for conservation

Summary The flowering phenology typical of at least monoecious figs-intra-tree synchrony and inter-tree asynchrony-poses problems for persistence of the pollinator population, and hence of the fig population itself, when fig population size is small. Establishment and maintenance of a population of the short-lived, species-specific wasp pollinator require that the fig population include a critical minimum number of trees (critical population size: CPS). Below CPS, temporal gaps between flowering trees occur that are unbridgeable by the pollinator, leading to its local extinction. This has implications for conservation in two contexts: human-aided invasions of introduced fig/wasp pairs, in which initial populations of figs and/or wasps may be small, and the persistence of figs and wasps in fragmented forest, in which initially large populations may be drastically reduced. Long-distance range extension by fig/wasp pairs is problematical for two reasons: 1) the fig species must first attain CPS, most likely through repeated seed dispersal events, before the wasp can establish; and 2) long-distance transit should be difficult for the tiny, short-lived wasp pollinators. I review the biology of natural and human-aided range extension by figs and fig wasps, and show that in human-aided range extensions these two difficult steps are circumvented. Once introduced into an area where hosts are abundant, fig wasps should readily establish from a small number of initial colonists, since they mate before dispersal and are highly tolerant of inbreeding. They are thus less subject than many insects to the genetic and demographic hazards of small population size. Of 5–6 fig/wasp pairs that have performed human-aided long-distance range extensions, one Asian pair,Ficus microcarpa and its pollinatorParapristina verticillata, is established in numerous areas in the northern neotropics, and the plant may become a serious weed. In tropical forests, figs may provide keystone resources for frugivores, providing fruit during seasons when other resources are scarce. Figs pose difficult problems for conservation biology, since minimum viable populations appear to be large, and since many species of tropical rainforests occur at low densities. This means that minimum areas required for persistence of a fig population- and for those of other species that would be affected were figs to be removed from the system-may often be large.     

Pogorelov定理的推广

Ａ．Ｖ．Ｐｏｇｏｒｅｌｏｖ曾证明，若正则凸闭曲面Ｆ的Ｇａｕｓｓ曲率都不大于某一常数Ｋ，则Ｆ上的封闭测地线的长不小于，本文将这定理推广成为下列定理。定理设凸闭曲面Ｆ的比值曲率≤Ｋ，则Ｆ上连接Ａ，Ｂ两定点的测地线的长或等于ρ（Ａ，Ｂ），或不小于。关键词：     

最小费用的网络瓶颈分析

已有的瓶颈分析对于系统性能的评估和改进方案的设计选择难以奏效。针对这一问题,该文对最小费用网络进行了瓶颈分析。首先给出了严格的瓶颈定义,使得最小费用目标的变化成为瓶颈链路容量调整的映射,并给出基于最小费用网络最优化条件的瓶颈分析的原理和算法及瓶颈迁移和瓶颈裕度的定义和算法,最后通过案例分析说明了3类瓶颈的行为特征,表明它们能够对系统性能的评估和改进方案的设计选择提供支持。     

Schreiber approach for GPS carrier phase ambiguity resolution

Differenced GPS carrier phase observations are usually used in GPS positioning to eliminate the various common GPS errors. A different approach is proposed in this paper where no differencing of the observations is required. In this method, the common GPS errors are modelled explicitly and eliminated by introducing the Schreiber method, which is used in traditional geodesy to eliminate the azimuth unknowns in observation equations. The paper first introduces the Schreiber method, and then discusses its application to the various GPS common-mode error models. It is shown that if only the real ambiguity solution is concerned, the estimate of the position parameters from the Schreiber approach is the same as that from the differencing approach. However, the variance of the ambiguity estimate from the Schreiber approach is smaller than that from the differencing approach. Numerical examples are given to show that the results are reliable.     

二元精馏中最小回流比的计算

该文得出了二元精馏计算中进料状态参数为任意值时最小回流比Ｒ＿ｍ的计算方法。当ｑ＝０与１时，其计算结果与常规方法计算所得结果完全一致。     

ERROR ESTIMATION OF THE APPROXIMATION ALGORITHM FOR THE WINDY POSTMAN PROBLEM

If we restrict the postman to traversing each edge at most twice in the windypostman problem (WPP), we will get a new problem: 2WPP. An approximation algorithmhas been posed by M. Guan for the WPP. In the present paper, we improve the estimatederror given by M. Guan and show that we can estimate the error for the 2WPP by findinga minimum cost circulation. We also pose a new sufficient condition for the equivalencebetween WPP and 2WPP, which can be checked in polynomial time steps.     

最小汉明距离译码的原核生物DNA表达效率分析

鉴于通信系统结构,将分子生物的信息传递过程用通信模型描述,采用最小汉明距离译码算法,分析核糖体16S rRNA的突变对原核生物DNA翻译效率表达的影响,仿真结果表明原核生物以16S rRNA作为一个标准的差错校验码对DNA全序列进行纠错,证明了运用通信编码理论分析原核生物的遗传信息传递的可行性.     

非侵入式感应电动机参数辨识

提出一种非侵入式感应电动机参数辨识的方法利用电动机起动电流在某些时段具有稳态电流圆图的特征拟合出感应电动机圆图,由感应电动机基本方程导出基于圆图进行参数辨识的数学表达式．物理实验的参数辨识结果表明：该方法具有较高的精度,简便易行;可在电力用户端口处进行,无需侵入用户内部,故它对电力负荷管理、电力节能乃至电力用户负荷动态特性的调查都有意义．     

准二维非恒定非均匀泥沙数学模型

在一雏非恒定非均匀泥沙数学模型研究的基础上,提出了可以模拟横向冲淤变形以及河宽变化的准二维非恒定非均匀泥沙数学模型．将横断面沿河道流向分成若干个流管,对每个流管利用非耦合法分别求解水流方程和泥沙方程．运用Preissmann四点偏心隐式格式对水流连续方程和运动方程进行离散,并用追赶法求解．采用迎风格式将悬移质连续方程离散成差分方程求解．根据最小能耗率原理,判别河床冲淤变化方向,以确定河宽是否变化、该模型弥补了以往大多数准二维泥沙数学模型只能按等流量划分流管,且只能模拟恒定流、均匀沙、固定河宽情况下的河床冲淤变化的缺陷．利用青铜峡水库实测的水沙资料,对所建立的模型进行了验证,计算结果与实测值吻合良好．