中国生态系统服务功能价值空间差异变化分析

基于土地利用/覆盖数据, 应用谢高地提出的生态系统服务价值(ecosystem service value, ESV)评价体系, 对2000, 2010和2015年中国各省级行政区(不含港、澳、台地区)的生态系统服务功能价值进行评估, 并分析其空间差异的变化特征。结果表明, 全国ESV从2000年的159171亿元/年增长至2015年的161802亿元/年。我国ESV空间分布特征为东部高、西部低。人均ESV的空间差异程度比地均ESV大, 但自2000年至2015年均有所减小, 在总体差异中, 区域间差异一直占较大的贡献率。2000—2015年, ESV增加的省份主要在西部和北部, 而东部和南部地区ESV有减少的趋势。     

Changes in fossil-fuel carbon emissions in response to interannual and interdecadal temperature variability

Relationships on interannual and interdecadal timescales among global mean air temperature,CO2 concentrations and fossil-fuel carbon emissions in four major developed countries (the United States,the United Kingdom,France,and Germany) were analyzed.On an interannual timescale,the United States fossil-fuel carbon emissions tend to increase during cold winters and decrease during warm winters,which is opposite to the situation in summer.On an interdecadal timescale,cold (warm) periods both in the United States and globally agree with high (low) periods of fossil-fuel carbon emissions,with the temperature variability leading by 5–7 years.The leading correlation on the interdecadal timescale and the asymmetry in seasonal correlation on the interannual timescale indicate that temperature variability is a possible cause of changes in fossil-fuel carbon emissions.     

南四湖浮游植物种群构成特征及季节变化

浮游植物是评价水体质量的一项重要生物指标,2008-06～2009-05在南四湖设置5个监测点,每月采样一次,对浮游植物种群组成、密度和优势种变化进行了系统研究。结果表明:南四湖共检出浮游植物8门59属117种;绿藻、硅藻分别占浮游植物总种数的48.7%、23.9%;浮游植物种数夏秋季节多,冬春季节少;浮游植物密度与种数季节变化一致。南四湖浮游植物优势度指数变化范围为0.04～0.35,优势种种数较多,主要有小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、二形栅藻(Scenedesmus dimorphus)、颗粒直链藻(Aulacoseira granulata)等23种。南四湖浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度指数变化范围分别为1.56～2.36、0.59～0.84,表明南四湖水体中浮游植物群落结构较复杂。南四湖浮游植物种群特征较20世纪80年代发生了明显变化。     

生物炭对杨树人工林土壤微生物量及碳源代谢多样性的影响

生物炭不仅可以改良土壤理化性质,并且能够帮助土壤长期固碳从而减缓温室气体的排放。以江苏东台杨树人工林土壤为对象,设计4种生物炭添加量CK(0)、T1(40 t/hm²)、T2(80 t/hm²)、T3(120 t/hm²),探究生物炭及其季节动态变化对土壤理化性质、微生物量和碳源代谢的影响。结果表明:生物炭施入降低土壤含水率,却使得土壤pH升高; 生物炭导致土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)下降,并且SMBN具有明显季节动态变化,即冬春偏高、夏秋相对较低; 而生物炭没有明显改变土壤微生物量碳(SMBC),但SMBC季节动态变化明显。高浓度生物炭(T3)显著提高了微生物在Biolog平板上的AWCD(平均单孔颜色变化率),但对碳源代谢多样性影响不显著。主成分分析表明,相比不同的施炭处理,同一处理季节的差异更显著地影响了微生物碳源的代谢模式。     

Spatial and temporal variations of forest LAI in China during 2000–2010

Forests are crucial terrestrial ecosystems.Their leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter determining the exchange of matter and energy between the atmosphere and the ground surface.In this study,MOD 09A1 and MCD 43A1 data were input into an inversion model based on the 4-scale geometric optical model to retrieve 8-d 500 m LAI products in China during the period 2000 to 2010.The resulting LAI product was validated using LAI measured in 6 typical areas.The spatial and temporal variations of forest LAI and its relationships with temperature and precipitation were analyzed.The results show that the accuracy of the 500 m LAI product was above 70% in the 6 typical areas,indicating the reliability of this product.From 2000 to 2010,forest LAI in northeast,north,and south central China showed increasing trends.However,forest LAI in southeast and parts of southwest China showed downward trends,mainly because of the significant decrease observed during the period 2008 to 2010.Annual mean forest LAI positively correlated with annual mean temperature (AMT) in northeastern China and negatively correlated with AMT in southwest China.It had positive correlations with annual total precipitation in central south and north China.The abnormal climate conditions in 2001 and 2009 caused forest LAI to be obviously lower than normal in regions south of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River.Annual mean LAI decreased by more than 1.0 in some areas.     

不同薄壳山核桃品种光合特性研究

探讨6个薄壳山核桃品种‘Forket’、‘Western’、‘Cape Fear’、‘Moore’、‘Sioux’、‘Apache’的光合特性差异,为薄壳山核桃优良品种的选育与推广应用提供依据。     

关于反射和折射定律的数学解析

讨论光在反射或折射面是f(x,y,z)=0的曲面上,应用费马原理和变分法,给出反射和折射定律的数学解析。     

H型钢矫直稳定性的研究

本文建立了Ｈ型钢矫直时翼缘稳定性计算的力学模型；根据这个模型推导出了对所有Ｈ型截面都适用的临界矫直力和临界压下量公式；实验验证这些公式是正确的．