Autotaxin (NPP-2) in the brain: cell type-specific expression and regulation during development and after neurotrauma

Autotaxin is a secreted cell motility-stimulating exo-phosphodiesterase with lysophospholipase D activity that generates bioactive lysophosphatidic acid. Lysophosphatidic acid has been implicated in various neural cell functions such as neurite remodeling, demyelination, survival and inhibition of axon growth. Here, we report on the in vivo expression of autotaxin in the brain during development and following neurotrauma. We found that autotaxin is expressed in the proliferating subventricular and choroid plexus epithelium during embryonic development. After birth, autotaxin is mainly found in white matter areas in the central nervous system. In the adult brain, autotaxin is solely expressed in leptomeningeal cells and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Following neurotrauma, autotaxin is strongly up-regulated in reactive astrocytes adjacent to the lesion. The present study revealed the cellular distribution of autotaxin in the developing and lesioned brain and implies a function of autotaxin in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and brain injuries. Received 18 September 2006; received after revision 30 October 2006; accepted 4 December 2006     

MCP-1和CCR2在SE初期小鼠脑海马中的表达变化

为了探讨趋化因子MCP-1及其受体CCR2是否参与了SE初期的病理过程,应用SE的匹罗卡品模型,检测SE 30min、SE 1h、SE 2h和SE 1d时,MCP-1及其受体CCR2的mRNA在小鼠海马的表达情况.结果显示,MCP-1及其受体CCR2在小鼠海马组成型表达.与对照组相比,SE 1h时,MCP-1在海马CA1区显著下调(P 0.01);SE 1d时,CCR2在CA3区显著下调(P 0.05).结果说明,MCP-1及其受体CCR2在成年小鼠海马的活动中具有重要的生理功能;MCP-1/CCR2的下调与SE初期病理过程相关,可能由于下调导致了它们的神经保护作用减弱.     

短期模拟微重力对SD乳鼠海马组织细胞的效应

 为了探究模拟微重力对新生乳鼠海马脑区的影响,将新生1 d SD(Sprague Dawley)鼠的海马脑区分别做组织块培养和原代细胞培养,将培养物随机分为模拟微重力组1 d组和地面对照组。回转1 d后,用苏木精-伊红染色法(HE染色)、显微镜观察等方式检测组织块表面及内部形态变化,并用流式细胞术检测原代细胞的凋亡情况。通过明场和相差显微镜观察到与对照组相比,组织块经过1 d的模拟微重力刺激后,其厚度发生变化,组织块边缘变薄,透光度增加;HE染色结果显示,与对照组相比,模拟微重力组组织块内部细胞分布散乱。流式细胞仪检测结果显示,原代细胞在经过1 d的模拟微重力刺激后,其细胞凋亡率与对照组相比无显著差异。以上实验结果说明,经过1 d的模拟微重力后,海马组织块的表面和内部形态发生了较大变化,但凋亡率和地面对照组的相比无显著差异。     

黑米花青素对高脂膳食小鼠的空间学习记忆能力的影响

探讨高脂膳食对C57BL/6小鼠以及黑米花青素对高脂膳食小鼠的空间学习记忆能力的影响。将48只小鼠随机分成对照组(正常膳食),高脂对照组(膳食中含w=15%猪油),高脂低剂量黑米花青素组(膳食中含w=15%猪油、w=40mg/kg黑米花青素)和高脂高剂量黑米花青素组(膳食中含w=15%猪油、w=200mg/kg黑米花青素)。12周后通过Morris水迷宫实验评价小鼠的空间学习记忆能力,检测小鼠血清总胆固醇和总甘油三酯,小鼠海马体中氧化应激指标、单胺类神经递质含量以及炎症相关因子基因的mRNA表达水平。研究发现,高脂膳食的小鼠空间学习记忆能力显著下降(P<0.05),血清总胆固醇和总甘油三酯含量显著增加(P<0.05),海马组织中的SOD(superoxide dismutase)和GSH-Px(glutathione peroxidase)活力显著降低(P<0.05),MDA(malondialdehyde)含量显著升高(P<0.05),炎症因子TNFα、COX-2、IL-1β基因表达水平均显著提高(P<0.05)。通过黑米花青素干预后小鼠的空间学习记忆能力显著提升(P<0.05),海马体的氧化应激状况得到显著改善(P<0.05),炎症相关因子基因的表达均显著下调(P<0.05)。结果表明,高脂饮食能够导致慢性氧化应激,损伤小鼠海马依赖的空间学习记忆等认知能力。黑米花青素可以改善海马体的氧化应激状态,提高SOD和GSH-Px活力,降低MDA的生成,下调炎症相关因子基因的表达水平,从而改善了小鼠的空间学习记忆能力。     

环境污染物PFOS可引起大鼠海马干细胞的增殖

目的:观察全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物(PFOS)大鼠海马干细胞增殖情况.方法:利用大鼠腹腔内连续注射不同剂量的PFOS 14天,建立动物模型.以Brdu作标记物,利用免疫组织化学染色的方法检测不同剂量PFOS作用下大鼠海马干细胞增殖情况.结果:以Brdu作标记物,高剂量PFOS作用下大鼠海马内可检测到大量阳性细胞存在,对照组和低剂量PFOS作用下无此阳性结果产生.结论:推测PFOS可引起大鼠海马干细胞的增殖.     

Transitional function of DG to CA3 in the hippocampus

Using single cell channel model, the transmission features of CA3-DG network in the hippocampus are investigated. The influence of the stimulation on discharge pattern of pyramidal neurons is analyzed, which shows that it starts with period spiking discharges, followed by period-doubling bifurcation to chaos, and period 3 discharge evolving into chaos, and ultimately a period of bursting discharges. By the synaptic model, the CA3-DG network model is constructed, which analyzes the summation of postsynaptic currents in the network, the influence of postsynaptic current on discharge rhythm as well as the mechanism of bursting discharges. The strong capacity of spatiotemporal encoding in the network indicates the features of CA3 network during the information transmission process in the hippocampus. The modeling result with time delay of the synaptic transmission is in accordance with the experimental phenomena of action potential in the hippocampus.     

榆叶粗提液治疗幼鼠癫痫作用初探

近年来临床上越来越多采用中西医结合的方法控制癫痫疾病的发作;通过以灌胃给药的方式给予PTZ癫痫幼鼠不同浓度的榆叶粗提液,观察榆叶对PTZ幼鼠癫痫模型的癫痫行为和海马神经元的影响;结果发现:与PTZ癫痫模型组相比,高浓度榆叶粗提液干预将癫痫发生率降低了20%;榆叶粗提液中、高浓度组海马神经元数目明显增加;表明中、高浓度的榆叶粗提液对PTZ癫痫模型有一定的改善作用,一定程度上可以降低癫痫行为的发生率和抑制癫痫对海马神经元的损伤。