平高分求解算距离空间后方交会

提出了平面坐标和高程分别求解的迭代法,用以解算距离空间后方交会,并对其具体细节和程序编制进行了讨论,最后给出一个应用实例。     

数字高程模型的一种软件生成方法

为实现战场环境仿真中地形数字高程模型(DEM)的建立,结合数字高程模型的特点,根据地图等高线原理和计算机灰度处理技术研制开发了一套DEM生成软件,并以某地区等高线地图为例,详细叙述了此软件的DEM生成方法,最后对这个软件进行了总体评估。该软件可用于民用地理环境及军用战场环境仿真中DEM的建立。     

Assessment of stochastic models for GPS measurements with different types of receivers

The stochastic model plays an important role in parameter estimation. The optimal estimator in the sense of least squares can only be obtained by using the correct stochastic model and consequently guarantees the precise positioning in GPS applications. In this contribution, the GPS measurements, collected by different types of geodetic dual-frequency receiver pairs on ultra-short baselines with a sampling interval of 1 s, are used to address their stochastic models, which include the variances of all observation types, the relationship between the observation accuracy and its elevation angle, the time correlation, as well as the correlation between observation types. The results show that the commonly used stochastic model with the assumption that all the raw GPS measurements are independent with the same variance does not meet the need for precise positioning and the elevation-dependent weight model cannot work well for different receiver and observation types. The time correlation and cross correlation are significant as well. It is therefore concluded that the stochastic model is much associated with the receiver and observation types and should be specified for the receiver and observation types.     

Elemental composition in surface snow from the ultra-high elevation area of Mt. Qomolangma （Everest）

A total of 14 surface snow （0-10 cm） samples were collected along the climbing route （6500-8844 m a.s.h） on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma in May, 2005. Analysis of elemental concentrations in these samples showed that there are no clear trends for element variations with elevation due to redistribution of surface snow by strong winds during spring. In addition, local crustal aerosol inputs also have an influence on elemental composition of surface snow. Comparison between elemental concentration datasets of 2005 and 1997 indicated that data from 2005 were of higher quality. Elemental concentrations （especially for heavy metals） at Mt. Qomolangma are comparable with polar sites, and far lower than large cities. This indicates that anthropogenic activities and heavy metal pollution have little effect on the Mt. Qomolangma atmospheric environment, which can be representative of the background atmospheric environment.     

青海不同海拔高度下3种绿绒蒿表皮毛密度的变化

以青海不同海拔高度下的全缘叶绿绒蒿、多刺绿绒蒿、总状绿绒蒿的鲜叶为材料,观测叶片表皮毛的分布特征。结果表明:①随着海拔的升高,3种绿绒蒿的表皮毛密度逐渐增加。②不同海拔高度下,3种绿绒蒿的表皮毛密度均表现出上表皮毛大于下表皮,且随着海拔高度的升高,上、下表皮毛密度的比值逐渐增大。③在相近海拔,全缘叶绿绒蒿的上、下表皮毛密度最大,与其他两种绿绒蒿差异极显著,其次是总状绿绒蒿。④在相近海拔,阳坡绿绒蒿的表皮毛密度明显高于阴坡。     

林型和地形因子对太岳山森林地表凋落物矿质元素含量的影响

森林地表凋落物是树木生长所需矿质养分的重要储库,探索森林凋落物矿质元素对环境因子变化的响应,有 助于进一步了解植物-凋落物-土壤的反馈机制.本研究选择涵盖整个太岳山的9个不同海拔梯度,采样收集森林地表 凋落物并同时记录环境因子特征,经实验室分析测定样品中的6种重要矿质元素,包括磷(P)、硫(S)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁 (Mg)、铁(Fe)的质量分数,并分析林型和地形因子(海拔、坡度和坡向)对凋落物矿质元素的影响.结果表明,坡向是凋落 物S质量分数的主要影响因子,并单独解释了S质量分数变异的40%;凋落物P和Ca质量分数变异主要是由林型、海 拔和二者的交互作用造成的;然而,林型和地形因子对凋落物中K、Mg、Fe没有显著影响.这些差别反映了矿质元素受植 物生理调节及其在凋落物中固持能力的差异性.研究结果可为森林生态系统矿质养分循环建模提供借鉴.      

BP神经网络在连续梁桥施工监控中的应用

为了实现大跨度连续梁桥施工过程中立模标高快速、准确地确定,基于BP神经网络能逼近任意的函数与自适应算法结合的特点,将其运用到连续梁桥施工控制的标高预测中.通过有限元软件建立桥梁模型,结合参数的影响的分析,运用BP神经网络原理,根据实测值与理论值的对比分析结果来确定挠度预测的输入向量和目标向量,建立大桥高程偏差的神经网络模型.利用MATLAB程序的神经网络模型,完成对样本矢量的输入及对桥梁施工控制的网络训练,预测出下一阶段的标高值,以此反复进行,有利于立模标高更快更精确的确定,最终使桥梁的线形和设计线形达到很好的吻合.     

路面基层施工中的高程控制

高程控制对路面基层施工控制起着重要的作用。详细介绍了水泥稳定碎石基层施工中高程控制的方法,为指导路面基层施工、确保路面高程提供了参考。     

基于互质阵列的米波雷达低仰角估计方法

目前基于互质阵CPA虚拟阵列的低仰角估计方法虽然近似可行，但受多径效应影响，其存在测角误差大的问题。对此提出一种基于互质阵物理阵列的实值低仰角估计方法，首先利用互质阵列建立信号模型，并根据物理阵元位置计算回波信号协方差矩阵，然后对其进行实值处理后利用最大似然估计或广义多重信号分类MUSIC算法获得精确的低仰角，最后利用几何关系获得目标高度。仿真实验对比了均匀线阵和互质阵虚拟阵列法的低仰角估计性能，在重点分析目标仰角、信噪比和快拍数等因素对低空目标仰角估计精度的影响的基础上得出一般性结论，证明了所提估计方法的准确性与优越性。     

影院座位设计的优化模型

文章从看电影时观众的舒适程度出发,对影院座位设计问题进行了探讨,在已知地板倾角θ的情况下,建立了双目标规划模型,然后运用Matlab软件求出了最佳位置。