我国北方干旱区草原的生态问题与工程技术对策

北方干旱区草原是我国草原的主体,也是沙尘暴的主要策源地。结合国家“十五”科技攻关项目和国际草原项目,总结归纳相关研究调查材料,着重就北方干旱区草原的生态问题进行探讨和分析,提出了草原区有关气候、水资源、草地生产力和生态系统的6个资源特征,阐述了有关草地面积、质量、生物多样性等5个方面的生态问题,以锡林郭勒草原生态工程治理为范例,总结了干旱区草原植被恢复与改良的技术体系和生态工程切入点,进一步提出了干旱区草原保护和改良的对策。     

生态人居体系构成与建设路径

着重分析了人居环境的体系构成及其内在关联,提出了该体系规划的重点和建设目标,在此基础上针对不同类型的人居体系探讨了生态建设的具体实现途径和方法.     

The reproductive ecology of Leptodactylus fuscus (Anura,Leptodactylidae): new data from natural temporary ponds in the Brazilian Cerrado and a review throughout its distribution

Recent studies indicate that populations historically called Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider, 1799) comprise at least three well‐differentiated lineages. Herein, we describe the reproductive ecology of a southeastern clade population of L. fuscus, and review the characters of the reproductive ecology for several populations of the northern and southeastern clades. Most reproductive activity occurred in December and January, which coincided with the highest rainfall period. Males had an aggregated spatial distribution in the central area of the ponds. Three courtship interactions were observed. A female was observed closing the entrance to a burrow with moist sand after oviposition. This behaviour is described for the first time in L. fuscus. The review of the reproductive biology of the northern and southeastern clades indicates a relatively high plasticity in L. fuscus. Furthermore, the results corroborate the suggestion, based on molecular data, that the northern and southeastern clades of L. fuscus represent distinct evolutionary units.     

On the natural history of the South American pepper frog,Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

Some species of Leptodactylus of the L. pentadactylus group lay their eggs outside water but the tadpoles need to reach water to complete the larval phase; other species complete development in terrestrial nests. Here we present details of the reproduction of L. labyrinthicus in south‐eastern Brazil. The proportion of tadpoles and trophic eggs in aged egg clutches was determined, as well as the growth of the tadpoles while in the nest. The gut contents of tadpoles that were in egg clutches of frogs were analysed. Adult males did not differ from females in size and had hypertrophied forearms and an enlarged spine on the thumb. Reproduction was initiated with the first rains of August/September and extended to mid‐January. Calling and spawning occurred at permanent or temporary water bodies. The foam nests were built in excavated basins outside of, but close to the water. The male determined the place of the basin construction; after amplexus, the female completed the excavation. The amplexus was axillary. One female spent the day after spawning in the foam. The eggs were pale grey, the yolk averaging 2.3?mm in diameter. The mean number of eggs was 2101 per egg clutch. The number of tadpoles in individual nests varied between 0.05% and 11.40% in relation to the total laid eggs. The tadpoles entered water when rains flooded the basin. The tadpoles grew to 12 times the weight of an individual egg while in the nest; no nesting tadpole was beyond stage 25. The longest time we followed tadpoles in a nest was 25 days. Tadpoles were found preying upon eggs of three other frog species and upon conspecific eggs. Males fought by grasping each other in a belly‐to‐belly position; the powerful arms and the thumb spines represent weapons. Even though males can reach maturity in the season following birth, small size would prevent them from establishing their own territory. All the species of the L. pentadactylus group may build their foam nests within excavated basins. The basins may protect the eggs and embryos from cannibalistic tadpoles and may have an anti‐desiccation effect. In order to produce trophic eggs, the female may delay laying additional unfertilized eggs until after the male has abandoned the foam nest. Anuran eggs represent an important food item for tadpoles after they leave the nest.     

玛拉与丹恩的生态自我实现之旅

《玛拉与丹恩历险记》是多丽丝·莱辛最典型的生态警示录。该小说的主人公从南方逃亡到北方，其认识范围不断扩大的过程深刻体现了深层生态自我实现过程——从反映个人生理需求的“本我”到“社会的自我”、从“社会的自我”到形而上的“生态自我”的实现过程。     

论欠发达地区经济发展与生态环境优化整合

在社会经济发展不同阶段,人们对经济效益与生态效益有不同的评价值。由于发展经济的巨大张力和脱贫致富的巨大压力,欠发达地区人们往往牺牲生态效益来换取经济效益。从欠发达地区的历史与现状出发,大力发展生态产业,完善社会保障机制,加强生态文化建设,在造就新的更有利可图的生产方式的同时提升人们保护生态环境的主体精神,是实现欠发达地区经济跨越式发展与生态环境优化整合的现实路径。     

风头鸊鷉的繁殖生态

风头鸊鷉每年3月初迁来乌梁素海,10月末11月初离去.它们在蒲苇地营水面浮巢,巢材主要为苇茎,蒲叶和水草,巢的外径65cm,内径17cm,深3.5cm。窝卵数3～5枚,平均4枚,日产一枚卵圆形污白色卵。卵径平均36.39×54.87mm,卵重37.89。     

可持续发展理论的多重内涵

可持续发展具有多重维度的科学内涵。本文分别对可持续发展理论的生态环境伦理内涵、经济学内涵展开考察和阐述。