不同紫花苜蓿栽培品种生物能源性状评价

选取了54个苜蓿品种,采用温室盆栽方法进行两次刈割,对产草量、细胞壁成分(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)质量分数、株高、分枝数和叶茎比等生物学性状进行了方差分析和聚类分析.结果表明:苜蓿品种间产草量和细胞壁各成分质量分数存在显著差异(P＜0.01),且品种内变异大于品种间变异;产草量和细胞壁成分变异系数由大到小的顺序为:产草量(42.42％)＞木质素质量分数(17.22％)＞纤维素质量分数(12.74％)＞半纤维素质量分数(10.04％);刈割处理显著降低了半纤维素质量分数(P ＜0.01),但产草量、纤维素和木质素没有显著变化;根据产量、株高、细胞壁成分等性状将供试苜蓿品种分为五个大类,其中第Ⅱ类群和第V类群生产性能最高,且第Ⅴ类群表现出良好的再生性能;综合评价提出甘农3号、黄羊镇、和阗、WL903、三得利、大郁山、平凉和意大利作为进一步开展生物质能源性状选育的优良种质材料.     

北京城市湖泊沉积物中微生物磷脂的分布特征

以北京市城市湖泊八一湖柱状沉积物为研究对象,通过Bligh和Dyer萃取方法,萃取4个采样点柱状沉积物每2 cm分层中的磷脂,使用水质总磷的钼酸铵分光光度法（GB 11893-89）测定分层中磷脂浓度,按照Findlay给出的转换因子（1 nmol磷相当于3.4×107个微生物细胞）,估算出各样点平均微生物含量及分层的微生物量含量。现场测定水体中的pH值、DO、叶绿素等指标,表明八一湖整体水质状况良好。结果表明：八一湖4个采样点磷脂的平均含量分别为1.581μg/gdw,6.741μg/gdw,0.696μg/gdw,2.143μg/gdw。水平分布上,位于湖泊中心的2号采样点磷脂平均含量远高于其他三个采样点的磷脂含量。湖中心水流速缓慢,水流基本没有流动,大量的外源营养物质不能够及时扩散,大部分都会沉淀下来。在垂直分布上,各采样点磷脂含量均随沉积物深度的增加而降低。表层（0 cm～4 cm）磷脂含量的下降趋势相似,均呈现出2 cm分层磷脂含量为4 cm分层磷脂含量的2～3倍;而（4 cm～10 cm）各采样点磷脂含量的下降趋势各不相同。根据Findlay给出的转换因子,沉积物中微生物的含量变化趋势和磷脂含量一致表层（0～6 cm）沉积物微生物含量高,微生物活动活跃,深层（6 cm～10 cm）微生物含量低,微生物活动缓慢。     

人工林生态系统生物多样性与生产力的关系

生物多样性与生产力之间的关系是生态学界近来争论的热点之一。笔者简要介绍了现有关于生物多样性影响生态系统功能有关抽样效应、生态位互补、保险效应、冗余机制、基因-环境互作、边际效应及中性理论等作用机制,以及现有的关于生产力和多样性之间关系的主要观点。在此基础上,阐述了人工林生物多样性的研究现状和人工林生物多样性与生态功能的关系,重点讨论了造林树种选择、造林地清理、造林密度、间伐、林农复合经营、轮伐期长短等经营措施对人工林生物多样性的影响。人工林生物多样性的高低,很大程度上取决于林分结构的构建和调控,任何左右林分结构的经营措施都有可能对人工林生物多样性产生影响。因此,从生物多样性维护及生态功能发挥的角度看,决定应该营造什么样的人工林以及该采取怎样的经营措施是人工林可持续经营和长期立地生产力维持的关键。     

Changes in plant community diversity and aboveground biomass along with altitude within an alpine meadow on the Three-River source region

The grassland is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems and plays a significant role in biodiversity and ecosystem functions.In the present study,the changes of plant species diversity and aboveground biomass productivity were examined along with the altitude in natural alpine grassland in the source region of three rivers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Eleven experimental locations were selected with altitudes ranging from 3862 to 4450 m above sea level(a.s.l.).The results indicated that Kobresia pygmaea meadow,Kobresia humilis meadow and Salix cupularis shrub meadow had higher indices of diversity and aboveground biomass.The distribution of species diversity,richness and aboveground biomass showed similarly unimodal patterns across the altitude gradient with the highest indices appeared at mid-altitudes locations.The changing trend of species diversity,richness and evenness also showed significant unimodal patterns with total aboveground biomass,and the highest species diversity occurred at intermediate level of productivities.This research would provide a valuable reference for the protection of grassland biodiversity and maintaining of the grazing ecosystem function in the source region of the Three Rivers.     

日本那须地区人工草地牧草生物量随时间变化的解析--Ⅱ地下生物量

国立草地研究所位于日本中部的西那须地区，在其所辖人工草地的放牧试验区内，进行了以下实验：(1)研究不同放牧压对地下生物量的影响(1974-1981年)，(2)研究不同施肥水准对地下生物量的影响(1982-1989年)．在与上述相同的放牧样地内，除去了放牧条件的差异(以相同的放牧压和施肥水准)，继续进行了5年的放牧试验(1990-1994)．结果表明地下生物量(包括新鲜的根和地下茎)的季节和年度变化较大，呈现出随着放牧年限增加而年年递减的趋势．     

Effects of glycolytic metabolites on preservation of high energy phosphate level and synaptic transmission in the granule cells of guinea pig hippocampal slices

The present study was undertaken to investigate whether neural activity of hippocampal slices can be preserved after replacingd-glucose with glycolytic intermediate metabolites such as lactate, pyruvate and citrate or with other sugars such as fructose, mannose, maltose, glucosamine, sucrose and galactose. As an index of neural activity, population spikes (PS) were recorded in the granule cell layers after electrical stimulation to the perforant path of guinea pig hippocampal slices. In addition, we determined the levels of ATP and creatine phosphate (CrP) in each slice after the replacement ofd-glucose with these substrates, and correlated it with the neural activity. Substrates other thand-glucose could not maintain the PS for even 20 min although the slices perfused with medium containing lactate, pyruvate, galactose, fructose and maltose maintained similar levels of ATP and CrP as in slices incubated in thed-glucose-containing medium. These results indicate thatd-glucose is essential for the preservation of synaptic activity in addition to its main role as the substrate for energy production to maintain the levels of high energy phosphates.     

土壤因素对羊草群落构成与种群生物量的影响

对不同程度盐碱生境下羊草群落的生态分布及地上生物量作了研究，得出：影响羊草群落生态分布和生物量的主导因素是土壤含盐量和酸碱度（ｐＨ值），其中土壤含盐量是影响生物量的主要因素，并且以７月份最为显著，盐碱对羊草群落生物量影响还表现在不同盐碱生境下地上生物量季节动态存在差异。     

利用废水培养螺旋藻（Spirulinaplatensis）的实验

以钝顶螺旋藻为实验材料，以无毒加富的１／１０浓度的氮肥厂废水为基本培养液，并加入 ４．２ｇ／ＬＮａＨＣＯ３和０．２５ｇ／ＫＨＣＯ３两种营养盐，结果螺旋藻生长良好，此加入量仅为Ｚａｒｒｏｕｋ培养其中ＮａＨＣＯ３量的１／４和Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４量的１／２。     

Dynamic of Grassland Biomass in Different Degenerative Stages

The dynamics of plant community and above- and belowground biomass of the different degenerative stages was researched of Kobresia hurnlis meadows of Nakchu prefecture in Tibet Autonomous Region. The results indicated that the aggravation of the degree of deterioration of alpine meadow is, the lower the vegetation coverage, percentage of excellent forage, and biodiversity are. The total aboveground biomass is highest in the lightly degraded stages while it is lowest in the extremely degraded stages. With the aggravation of degradation, the aboveground biomass of forbs increases while that of Cyperaceae decreases. We found that the belowground biomass was mostly distributed in the 0-10 cm soil depth in the alpine meadow with a ＂T＂-shape distribution feature, and with the acceleration of deterioration, the numbers of roots becomes less and less. Meanwhile, the above- and belowground biomass of the different degraded communities was significantly correlated（r= 0. 963）. There is an obvious positive correlation with the above- and belowground biomass in different degenerative stages, and their ratio increased with the aggravation of degradation.     

杏核热解生物油萃取-柱层析分离分析和制备工艺

对杏核热解油的性质和组成进行了研究.实验结果表明,热解温度对生物油的产率和性质影响很大,生物油及沥青烯的产率在600~700℃达到最大值.快的加热速率使生物油组分集中化、简单化,更有利于后续生物油的分离.对600℃下杏核快速热解油的分析结果表明,生物油主要由酸性组分和中性油组成.酸性组分主要由酚类化合物和有机羧酸组成.中性油层析分离为3个馏分:环己烷洗脱馏分(C1)主要为四环以下纯缩合化合物;苯洗脱馏分(C2)主要由单环烷基芳烃和多酚组成;甲醇洗脱馏分(C3)主要是酯类极性化合物.实验也证明萃取与柱层析相结合是分离制取酚类化工产品的很好方法.