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51.
MurNAc etherases cleave the uniqued-lactyl ether bond of the bacterial cell wall sugar N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc). Members of this newly discovered family of enzymes are widely distributed among bacteria and
are required to utilize peptidoglycan fragments obtained either from the environment or from the endogenous cell wall (i.e.,
recycling). MurNAc etherases are strictly dependent on the substrate MurNAc possessing a free reducing end and a phosphoryl
group at C6. They carry a single conserved sugar phosphate isomerase/sugar phosphate- binding (SIS) domain to which MurNAc
6-phosphate is bound. Two subunits form an enzymatically active homodimer that structurally resembles the isomerase module
of the double-SIS domain protein GlmS, the glucosamine 6-phosphate synthase. Structural comparison provides insights into
the two-step lyase-type reaction mechanism of MurNAc etherases: β-elimination of the D-lactic acid substituent proceeds through
a 2,3-unsaturated sugar intermediate to which water is subsequently added.
Received 31 August 2007; received after revision 12 October 2007; accepted 1 November 2007 相似文献
52.
Summary Male Fischer F-344 rats were given ethanol in the drinking water and/or by single oral administration. Following this, the animals received p.o. 100 ng/kg of the hepatocarcinogen [3H]aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). 24 h later, the level of DNA-bound AFB1 was determined in the liver and was found not to be affected by any type of ethanol pretreatment. A cocarcinogenic effect of ethanol in the liver is therefore unlikely to be due to an effect on the metabolic activation and inactivation processes governing the formation of DNA-binding AFB1 metabolites.To whom correspondence should be addressed.Acknowledgment. We thank the European Science Foundation for the Toxicology Research Fellowship awarded to M.M. 相似文献
53.
Functions of fatty acid binding proteins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. M. Kaikaus N. M. Bass R. K. Ockner 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1990,46(6):617-630
Summary Cytosolic fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) belong to a gene family of which eight members have been conclusively identified. These 14–15 kDa proteins are abundantly expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner. Although the functions of the cytosolic FABP are not clearly established, they appear to enhance the transfer of long-chain fatty acids between artificial and native lipid membranes, and also to have a stimulatory effect on a number of enzymes of fatty acid metabolism in vitro. These findings, as well as the tissue expression, ligand binding properties, ontogeny and regulation of these proteins provide a considerable body of indirect evidence supporting a broad role for the FABP in the intracellular transport and metabolism of long-chain fatty acids. The available data also support the existence of structure- and tissue-specific specialization of function among different members of the FABP gene family. Moreover, FABP may also have a possible role in the modulation of cell growth and proliferation, possibly by virtue of their affinity for ligands such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and fatty acids, which are known to influence cell growth activity. FABP structurally unrelated to the cytosolic gene family have also been identified in the plasma membranes of several tissues (FABPpm). These proteins have not been fully characterized to date, but strong evidence suggests that they function in the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. 相似文献
54.
Many notions regarding the function, structure and regulation of cholera toxin expression have remained essentially unaltered
in the last 15 years. At the same time, recent findings have generated additional perspectives. For example, the cholera toxin
genes are now known to be carried by a non-lytic bacteriophage, a previously unsuspected condition. Understanding of how the
expression of cholera toxin genes is controlled by the bacterium at the molecular level has advanced significantly and relationships
with cell-density-associated (quorum-sensing) responses have recently been discovered. Regarding the cell intoxication process,
the mode of entry and intracellular transport of cholera toxin are becoming clearer. In the immunological field, the strong
oral immunogenicity of the non-toxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) has been exploited in the development of a now widely
licensed oral cholera vaccine. Additionally, CTB has been shown to induce tolerance against co-administered (linked) foreign
antigens in some autoimmune and allergic diseases.
Received 25 October 2007; accepted 12 December 2007 相似文献
55.
Navarro S Aleu J Jiménez M Boix E Cuchillo CM Nogués MV 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2008,65(2):324-337
Human eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)/ ribonuclease 3 (RNase 3) is a protein secreted from the secondary granules of activated
eosinophils. Specific properties of ECP contribute to its cytotoxic activities associated with defense mechanisms. In this
work the ECP cytotoxic activity on eukaryotic cell lines is analyzed. The ECP effects begin with its binding and aggregation
to the cell surface, altering the cell membrane permeability and modifying the cell ionic equilibrium. No internalization
of the protein is observed. These signals induce cell-specific morphological and biochemical changes such as chromatin condensation,
reversion of membrane asymmetry, reactive oxygen species production and activation of caspase-3-like activity and, eventually,
cell death. However, the ribonuclease activity component of ECP is not involved in this process as no RNA degradation is observed.
In summary, the cytotoxic effect of ECP is attained through a mechanism different from that of other cytotoxic RNases and
may be related with the ECP accumulation associated with the inflammatory processes, in which eosinophils are present.
Received 26 October 2007; accepted 23 November 2007 相似文献
56.
Papaconstantinou ME Gandhi PS Chen Z Bah A Di Cera E 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2008,65(22):3688-3697
Meizothrombin is the physiologically active intermediate generated by a single cleavage of prothrombin at R320 to separate the A and B chains. Recent evidence has suggested that meizothrombin, like thrombin, is a Na(+)-activated enzyme. In this study we present the first X-ray crystal structure of human meizothrombin desF1 solved in the presence of the active site inhibitor PPACK at 2.1 A resolution. The structure reveals a Na(+) binding site whose architecture is practically identical to that of human thrombin. Stopped-flow measurements of Na(+) binding to meizothrombin desF1 document a slow phase of fluorescence change with a k(obs) decreasing hyperbolically with increasing [Na(+)], consistent with the existence of three conformations in equilibrium, E*, E and E:Na(+), as for human thrombin. Evidence that meizothrombin exists in multiple conformations provides valuable new information for studies of the mechanism of prothrombin activation. 相似文献
57.
58.
香叶木苷的血浆蛋白结合率研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究香叶木苷的血浆蛋白结合率.以体外方式,用平衡透析法模拟香叶木苷在大鼠体内与血浆蛋白结合的过程,并以高效液相色谱法测定香叶木苷在透析袋内血浆中的药物质量浓度与透析袋外缓冲液中的质量浓度,计算血浆蛋白结合率.香叶木苷在血浆中药物质量浓度为1~90μg/mL范围内,其与大鼠血浆蛋白的结合率范围为29.83%~32.56%,波动较小,结果可靠.香叶木苷属于低血浆蛋白结合率药物,大部分药物分子以游离形式发挥药效. 相似文献
59.
讨论了L1在人类染色体中的分布密度与染色体长度以及L1的密度与基因密度之间的关系.发现在大多数染色体上L1的密度和染色体的长度表现为正相关,而L1的密度和染色体中基因的密度表现为负相关;对人类L1的5′UTR进行了详细的研究后,发现在L1元件的5′UTR部分含有许多转录因子结合位点.对基因的转录起始位点上游进行统计分析,发现其中含有大量的L1序列.通过对人类的EST数据库进行BLAST分析,新发现了51条和人类L1 5′UTR相似性较高的EST片断,根据它们分布的组织特异性,说明L1元件可能调控与发育过程有关的基因的表达;最后应用多样性增量的方法对人类和大鼠的L1 5′UTR进行了区分,得到了较好的预测结果,说明大部分L1的5′UTR的调控作用是人类特有的. 相似文献
60.
华文玉 《南京理工大学学报(自然科学版)》1990,(4)
提出ρ和(Ze—Z_h)耦合试探波函数,计算了 GaAs/Ga_(I-x)Al_xAs量子阱中基态激子的结合能随阱宽和阱深的变化关系,并对所得结果进行了讨论。 相似文献