语言与社会：全球化的视野（下）

(上接 2 0 0 4年第 6期 )语言 ,族群和国家语言是识别自我认同感的一种重要手段 ,我们的认同意识与我们所说的语言有着密切的联系。正如我们所注意到的 ,语言是民族特征的主要标记之一 ,是创造族群意识的一种重要方法。1 8世纪末和 1 9世纪初 ,中欧的几个古老的国家逐渐发展成为工业化社会 ,学校教育也使越来越多的人具备了读写能力 ,当时使用曾一度被视作地方语言的人因此获得了经济和政治权力 ,他们开始使用自己的语言 ,以此作为民族特征的焦点。像匈牙利语、芬兰语、拉脱维亚语和波兰语等这样的语言的出现是和这些地区的民族意识的增强相…     

Radiation embryology

Summary Prenatal development, characterized by intensive cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell migration, shows a high radiosensitivity. Therefore, radiation exposure of embryos and fetuses is of great concern for radiological protection and human health. Irradiation during gestation can cause death, growth disorders, malformations, functional impairment and malignant diseases in childhood. These effects are strongly dependent on the developmental stage at exposure and on the radiation dose. The first trimester of pregnancy is regarded as the period with the highest risk for malformation and cancer induction. The developing nervous system shows a special susceptibility to ionizing radiation over a long period and is therefore of great significance for risk estimation. Knowledge about radiation effects on prenatal development has been derived from animal experimentation and from the exposure of human embryos. There is evidence that doses between 1 and 10 cGy may lead to developmental anomalies and that the radiation response can be modified by additional factors.     

LOD score exclusion analyses for candidate disease susceptibility genes using case-parents design

The focus of almost all the association studies of candidate genes is to test for their importance. We recently developed a LOD score approach that can be used to test against the importance of candidate genes for complex diseases and quantitative traits in random samples. As a complementary method to regular association analyses, our LOD score approach is powerful but still affected by the population admixture, though it is more conservative. To control the confounding effect of population heterogeneity, we develop here a LOD score exclusion analysis using case?parents design, the basic design of the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) approach that is immune to population admixture. In the analysis, specific genetic effects and inheritance models at candidate genes can be analyzed and if a LOD score is ≤-2.0, the locus can be excluded from having an effect larger than that specified. Simulations show that this approach has reasonable power to exclude a candidate gene having small genetic effects if it is not a disease susceptibility locus (DSL) with sample size often employed in TDT studies. Similar to association analyses with the TDT in nuclear families, our exclusion analyses are generally not affected by population admixture. The exclusion analyses may be implemented to rule out candidate genes with no or minor genetic effects as supplemental analyses for the TDT. The utility of the approach is illustrated with an application to test the importance of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene underlying the differential risk to osteoporosis.     

人类学与散居人口研究:侨乡研究中的一些注意事项

探讨如何在侨乡研究中运用多学科方法。在研究位于大陆的侨乡村庄和他们散居在海外的亲属之间关系的时候,有必要考虑这些华人群体在互动过程中的空间和时间问题。因此,对地理空间和历史时间的超越要求一种结合人类学和散居人口研究的方法,以便理解侨乡研究中不断遇到的新的社会关系的出现和兴起的过程。     

芝麻（Sesamum indicum L．）根系的解剖结构与耐涝强度的相关性研究

本文用常规石蜡切片法观察了耐涝芝麻品种根系与怕涝芝麻品种根系解剖结构的区别。用改良的丹尼管法测量了芝麻茎叶部分向根系输送氧气的数量，探讨了芝麻的抗涝机理。研究结果证明：耐涝芝麻品种根系具有皮层厚。皮层细胞呈柱状排列，皮层细胞间隙大等结构特征。当根系渍水时，耐涝芝麻品种的茎叶能向根系输送较多氧气，在一定程度上缓解了根系缺氧的状况。     

高强混凝土深梁承载能力的实验研究

为了检验CIRIA、ACI和弹性珩架三种计算模型的准确性，采用16处高强混凝土深梁样本，分别对应于不同的剪跨－厚度比率和混凝土强度，进行了承载能力实验，并将实验结果与三种计算模型的理论值进行比较。结果表明，弹性珩架模型获得较理想的效果，而CIRIA和ACI模型则偏于保守。     

The generation of random,binary unordered trees

Several techniques are given for the uniform generation of trees for use in Monte Carlo studies of clustering and tree representations. First, general strategies are reviewed for random selection from a set of combinatorial objects with special emphasis on two that use random mapping operations. Theorems are given on how the number of such objects in the set (e.g., whether the number is prime) affects which strategies can be used. Based on these results, methods are presented for the random generation of six types of binary unordered trees. Three types of labeling and both rooted and unrooted forms are considered. Presentation of each method includes the theory of the method, the generation algorithm, an analysis of its computational complexity and comments on the distribution of trees over which it samples. Formal proofs and detailed algorithms are in appendices.     

Accuracy in forecasting: A survey

In this study, the author provides a brief and concise summary of empirical investigations pertaining to forecasting with special reference to the accuracy of different forecasting techniques. The study mainly focuses on comparisons of the accuracy of these techniques. The comparisons cover both quantitative and qualitative methods. In addition the summary includes studies seeking to test or improve accuracy by combining forecasting techniques.     

文化大发展背景下文化传播学研究对象的思考

西方早期的文化传播研究,是一道文化人类学的命题。当前,文化大发展大繁荣,对我国文化传播学研究提出了新的更高的要求。＂如何满足人们的精神生活需要＂,应该成为我们研究文化传播学的出发点,而文化传播学这门年轻的学科,应该是一个立足于传播学的分支学科。由此出发,我们可以界定文化传播学的研究对象,即主要研究的是人文知识、文学、艺术、新闻、娱乐等内容,重点关注新闻、出版、广播、电视、电影、演出、图书馆、博物馆、文物考古等领域的信息传播。