Genetic determinants of individual differences in avoidance learning: Behavioral and endocrine characteristics

Bidirectional genetic selection for good and poor active avoidance learning in a shuttle box has been carried out in three independent laboratories using remarkably similar discrete-trial training procedures. The resulting strains are known as the Roman High and Low Avoidance (RHA and RLA), the Syracuse High and Low Avoidance (SHA and SLA) and the Australian High and Low Avoidance (AHA and ALA) strains, respectively. An additional unidirectionally selected strain, known as the Tokai High Avoider (THA) strain was developed in Japan using a free-operant Sidman avoidance procedure in a Skinner box. This paper reviews the selection of the Syracuse strains, enumerates the various behavioral and endocrine characteristics of the strains, and compares them to the other similarly selected strains. The behavioral work suggests that genetic selection from diverse breeding stocks has resulted in common characteristics that differentiate the strains in the emotional, not learning, domain. The endocrine data, however, are somewhat at odds. The Syracuse strains differentiate one way with respect to endocrine function, and the Roman strains differentiate in the opposite way. We suggest, therefore, that the endocrine correlates are not tightly linked to the avoidance genotype. Genetic analysis of all of the selected strains for both the avoidance phenotype and the endocrine correlates will be needed to test this hypothesis.Preparation of this paper was supported by research grant MH-39230-3 from the National Institute of Mental Health.     

六种中药材中的有机氯农药残留量的测定

用气相色谱法同时测定了中药材天仙子、半夏、杜仲、吴茱萸、何首乌、茯苓中的有机氯农药的残留量.结果表明,13种有机氯农药在1~100μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r>0.995 5),检出限为0.04~0.22μg/L,添加回收率均在80%~102%.该方法符合农药残留检测标准.     

七——十月人胎听皮层发育的研究

本文用光镜观察了七至十月人胎听皮层的发育。结果:1.Nissl染色材料四个月份的材料均呈现典型新皮层的六层结构,七至十月份皮层总厚度依次为0.97mm,1.04mm,1.79mm,和1.85mm;内颗粒层神经细胞的体积密度依次为13.64％、17.49％、26.03％和34.05％;面数密度为58.87个/mm~2、40.45个/mm~2、23.48个/mm~2和11.62个/mm~2;轴比为1:1.32、1:1.65、1:1.75和1:1.86;分散度为0.89、0.83、0.74和0.67。2.Golgi染色材料,可见听皮层内具有新皮层的各种类型神经元,其中最多为颗粒细胞,其次为锥体细胞、梭形细胞,最少为马蹄诺特氏细胞,所见细胞数量比依次为17:9:1:1;颗粒细胞的树突野围绕着胞体形成一环形,而锥体细胞的底树突野呈扇形,顶树突可延伸远离胞体,其长度七—十月份依次为11.71±5.34/am//am~3、13.04±4.06am/弘m~3、15.01±6、17弘心弘m~3和16.09±5、63弘m/pm~3;轴突长度依次为22.12±0.66am/11m~3、26.96±8.49tlm/弘m~3、30.69±11.44Fm/tam~3,和34.52±7.62弘m/pm~3。锥体细胞树突在七月份时无分支,八月份时可见一级分支,但无侧棘,九、十月份时可见2—3级分支,可见到大量无柄侧棘出现。     

Ontogeny of the sex steroid and prolactin receptors in the male rat adrenal gland

Summary Cytosolic estrogen and androgen receptors and membrane prolactin-binding sites in the male adrenal glands showed a definite pattern during sexual development. The level of sexual steroid receptors paralleled adrenal growth, whereas prolactin binding reached its maximum value in mature rats.Lüthy, I. A., Predoctoral Fellow from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas and Calandra, R. S., Research Career Awardee from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.Acknowledgments. We would like to thank Mrs D. Bas and Mrs D. B. Destéfano for the skillful technical assistance and the secretarial work, respectively. This work was partially supported by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina (CONICET), and the Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica.     

一块黑砂皮翡翠的鉴定

一块黑砂皮波菜绿色的翡翠 ,经能谱、电镜、红外光谱分析、镜下鉴定及物性测量 ,确定是一块未经处理的 A货翡翠 ,但其外层黑色皮壳上的沥青光泽的细鳞片确是有机质 ,是人为所致。     

BAM8-22对吗啡耐受的影响

采用缩足反射观察椎管内注射感觉神经元特异性受体(SNSR)激动剂牛肾上腺髓质8-22肽(BAM8-22)对吗啡耐受的影响.结果表明,椎管内注射BAM8-22(0.1nmol)后,吗啡抗伤害作用的半数有效剂量由耐受时的80.99μg恢复至12.38μg(P<0.001);隔天混合给予BAM8-22后,能显著延缓吗啡耐受,第6天吗啡抗伤害作用的半数有效剂量为14.84μg,与吗啡耐受组相比有极显著差异(P<0.001);但这两组动物吗啡的抗伤害作用没有达到正常吗啡组水平(P<0.05和P<0.01).连续椎管内单独注射BAM8-22 6d后,吗啡抗伤害作用的半数有效剂量为12.23μg,明显高于正常吗啡组(P<0.01),但又明显低于吗啡耐受组(P<0.001).而椎管内连续6d混合给予BAM8-22和吗啡,并不能阻止吗啡耐受.研究表明,椎管内注射BAM8-22能部分翻转或延缓吗啡的耐受,而BAM8-22的长期作用则会部分降低吗啡的抗伤害作用,提示感觉神经元特异性受体参与了阿片受体功能的调制.     

用嗅觉去感受世界--2004年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖成果简介

嗅觉系统对我们的生活非常重要,人类和其它哺乳动物利用嗅觉系统可以识别环境中巨大数量的化学物质。嗅觉是如何产生的？为解开这个难题,美国两位科学家阿克塞尔和巴克从编码气味受体的基因入手,发现了识别气味分子的受体,并且证明了嗅觉系统的组织方式,从而告诉世界我们是如何感受气味的。为表彰两人的贡献,Karolinska医学院诺贝尔奖评审委员会决定授予他们2004年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。介绍了两位科学家是如何破解这个难题的。     

βCaMKII蛋白修饰转基因小鼠工作记忆的研究

利用前额叶脑区过量表达β钙离子/钙调素依赖的蛋白激酶II(βCaMKII)的蛋白修饰转基因小鼠,研究βCaMKII对小鼠工作记忆的影响.Western Blot结果显示,转基因小鼠前额叶脑区的βCaMKII过量表达.在修饰的水迷宫实验中,与对照组相比,转基因小鼠的逃避潜伏期没有发生明显变化.此外,在T迷宫实验中,转基因小鼠的正确率与对照组的正确率也基本相同.由此推测,βCaMKII的过量表达对于前额叶皮层依赖的工作记忆没有明显的影响.     

纤毛虫胞质微管及大核的FLUTAX-EB荧光标记方法

以游仆虫、尖毛虫和尾柱虫三种腹毛目纤毛虫为材料,在应用FLUTAX方法显示纤毛虫细胞微管结构的标本制备过程中,增加了EB染色的歩骤,使标记纤毛虫细胞皮层微管的同时也显示了细胞核的结构.并提出了实验中对EB浓度及渗透时间等需注意的方面.