贵阳市道路地表灰尘中多环芳烃的分布特征及生态风险评估

采用高效液相色谱法对贵阳市道路地表灰尘中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了定量分析,研究了贵阳市道路地表灰尘中PAHs在不同功能区分布特征,并分析了其可能来源。最后以单因子指数、内梅罗综合指数评价法和苯并(a)芘的等效致癌毒性(BEQ)评价标准对PAHs的生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,贵阳市道路地表灰尘样品中PAHs的质量分数在88.1～13 192.7μg/kg之间,各个功能区地表灰尘PAHs质量分数有明显差异,最高值出现在交通要道,最低值出现在公园。生态风险评价表明,贵阳市地表灰尘中以交通要道和工业区两个功能区已受到严重的PAHs威胁,具有较为严重的生态风险.     

植物、施磷量及多环芳烃共存对多环芳烃生物降解影响

多环芳烃(PAHs)是具有"三致"效应的持久性有机污染物.通过盆栽及微生物培养实验,考察了植物、施磷量及PAHs共存对菲(PHE)、芘(PYR)和二苯并蒽(DBA)去除率的影响,发现PHE的降解率和降解菌量均高于PYR和DBA.盆栽实验中,植物种植和给植物施加高磷浓度的营养液可促进DBA的降解;微生物培养实验表明共存的PAHs之间存在相互作用,而这种作用随PAHs种类不同可表现为促进降解作用(如PHE促进DBA降解)、无作用(如PYR和DBA)或抑制作用(如PYR抑制PHE+DBA降解).PHE对DBA降解的促进作用随时间的增加而减弱,这可能与PHE浓度降低和DBA中间产物的毒性及其积累有关.     

同步荧光法测定烤鱼片中的多环芳烃

建立了烤鱼片中多环芳烃(PAHs)的同步荧光测定方法。样品经甲醇-氢氧化钾皂化,环己烷提取;提取液经硅胶柱净化、浓缩,同步荧光光谱法测定其PAHs种类及含量。PAHs回收率81.3%～100.6%,相对标准偏差0.78%～1.13%。该方法灵敏度高、准确度好,能同时测定多种PAHs,适合于烤鱼片中PAHs的分析测定。     

湄洲湾表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量分布及来源分析

2000年10月在湄洲湾海域6个站位采集表层沉积物样。采用GC／MS法分析其多环芳烃的含量。结果显示：在这些沉积物样中，美国环保署优控的16种多环芳烃的含量分布较为均匀，其范围为196．7～299．7ng／g，平均值为256．1ng／g；显著低于长江口、珠江口及其欧美主要港口表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量。对多环芳烃特征组分的比值(菲／蒽比值，荧蒽／芘比值)及16种多环芳烃中四、五和六环总含量的百分比的分析表明：湄洲湾表层沉积物的多环芳烃主要来源于燃料的高温燃烧。     

厦门-金门海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃在丰枯水期的含量及分布变化特征

１９９５年４月与１０月在厦门－金门海域１０个站位进行了两次沉积物采样,经预处理分离后采用ＧＣ对１６种常见多环芳烃（ＰＡＨｓ）进行定性、定量分析．４月份（丰水期）所采集的沉积物中１６种ＰＡＨｓ总量分布在１２１～３００ｎｇ／ｇ之间,平均２１７ｎｇ／ｇ;ＰＡＨｓ峰值出现在厦门西港港口附近的站位（ＸＪ１－ＸＪ２－ＸＪ３）,其次出现在同安湾附近的ＸＪ５站;ＰＡＨｓ的最低值出现在ＸＪ９站．１９９５年１０月（枯水期）所采集的沉积物中１６种ＰＡＨｓ总量分布在１１５～５６９ｎｇ／ｇ之间,平均２５３ｎｇ／ｇ;ＰＡＨｓ峰值出现在厦门西港港口（ＸＪ２－ＸＪ１－ＸＪ３）,其次在同安湾外的ＸＪ６站,ＰＡＨｓ最低值仍在ＸＪ９站．两次采样相比,丰枯水期沉积物中ＰＡＨｓ总含量基本一致（数量级一致,平均值相对偏差７．７％）,在平面分布上,枯水期沉积物中ＰＡＨｓ峰值相比于丰水期向港湾外略有推移．     

煤气化多环芳烃初步研究

为了研究煤及其气化产物中多环芳烃的分布特征,在一台小型常压流化床气化炉上进行了以空气和水蒸气为气化剂的煤气化试验,经索氏萃取和K-D浓缩后,采用带荧光检测器和二极管矩阵检测器的高效液相色谱仪对原煤、底渣、旋风焦、布袋焦和煤气中被US EPA列为优控污染物名单的16种多环芳烃进行了测定.试验结果表明:煤气化前后多环芳烃质量分数和毒性当量质量分数的分布特征相似,但多环芳烃的组成和质量分数不同;煤化程度增加,原煤多环芳烃质量分数和毒性当量质量分数减小,煤气化多环芳烃的质量分数先接连后减,毒性当量质量分数与煤化程度呈线性关系;部分煤种气化多环芳烃的质量分数高于原煤多环芳烃质量分数,且煤气化多环芳烃的种类分为原煤未分解的多环芳烃、热解合成的多环芳烃、自由基高温缩合生成的多环芳烃.     

Primary investisation of the pollution status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in water and soil of Xuanwei and Fuyuan,Yunnan Province,China

Lung cancer incidence in Xuanwei and Fuyuan is extremely high. The air pollution, especially indoor airborne PAHs generated by burning smoky coals, has been considered as the most probable reason. The air pollution may affect drinking water and soil through dry and wet deposition. In this study, the concentrations of PAHs in water and soil samples from Xuanwei and Fuyuan were monitored to investigate the influence of atmospheric PAHs pollution on water and soil. No obvious PAHs pollution in water was found in these two areas, indicating that airborne PAHs have no apparent effect on the drinking water （well water）. The smoky coal combustion from household and industry, such as the activities related to power plants, coking plants and chemical industries, is responsible for the soil PAHs pollution in these two areas. The soil pollution might be the reemission source and would pose long-term threat to the local environment and health of residents.     

Effect of anionic-nonionic mixed surfactant on ryegrass uptake of phenanthrene and pyrene from water

The effect of anionic-nonionic mixed surfactant (SDBS-TX100) on the uptake of phenanthrene and pyrene by ryegrass in a hydroponic system was studied, and the influence factors including the com-positions and concentrations of mixed surfactants and the compounds properties were also discussed. The results showed that SDBS-TX100 mixtures with certain compositions and concentrations could enhance the uptake of phenanthrene and pyrene by ryegrass, which could be attributed to the im-proved uptake capacity of ryegrass roots for phenanthrene and pyrene. SDBS-TX100 can enhance the uptake of phenanthrene and pyrene by ryegrass in a wider range of surfactant concentrations (0―0.8 mmol/L) in comparison with corresponding single surfactants, and the maximal contents of phenan-threne and pyrene in ryegrass roots were obtained with the concentrations of SDBS-TX100 around the corresponding critical micelle concentrations. The uptake of phenanthrene and pyrene by ryegrass increased with the increasing mole fraction of SDBS in mixed surfactant solutions, and SDBS-TX100 mixture with a mole ratio of SDBS to TX100 at 9:1 had the greatest capacity in enhancing the uptake of phenanthrene and pyrene, at which the corresponding maximal concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene in ryegrass roots were 216 and 8.16 times those without surfactants, respectively. Results from this study indicate that the anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants (SDBS-TX100) would be a preferred selection for the application of surfactant-enhanced phytoremediation technology to contaminated soils.     

上海大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征研究

采用气质联用技术(GC／MS)对上海市大气颗粒物中美国EPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃进行定量研究．结果显示,冬季PAHs浓度最高,夏季浓度最低;绝大多数的PAHs存在于0．43～2．1μm的粒径范围内;在粒径分布上,三环、四环、五环的PAHs基本上呈单峰分布,在0．43-1．1μm时达到浓度最高值．     

龙岩市区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

采用恒能量同步荧光法检测了龙岩市大气颗粒物(PM10)样品中PAHs(多环芳烃)的质量浓度,比较了龙岩市区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃含量的差异以及不同季节对多环芳烃含量的影响,讨论了其分布规律及污染源.结果表明燃煤污染和汽车尾气排放是龙岩市大气颗粒物多环芳烃污染最主要的来源.