On the natural history of the South American pepper frog,Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

Some species of Leptodactylus of the L. pentadactylus group lay their eggs outside water but the tadpoles need to reach water to complete the larval phase; other species complete development in terrestrial nests. Here we present details of the reproduction of L. labyrinthicus in south‐eastern Brazil. The proportion of tadpoles and trophic eggs in aged egg clutches was determined, as well as the growth of the tadpoles while in the nest. The gut contents of tadpoles that were in egg clutches of frogs were analysed. Adult males did not differ from females in size and had hypertrophied forearms and an enlarged spine on the thumb. Reproduction was initiated with the first rains of August/September and extended to mid‐January. Calling and spawning occurred at permanent or temporary water bodies. The foam nests were built in excavated basins outside of, but close to the water. The male determined the place of the basin construction; after amplexus, the female completed the excavation. The amplexus was axillary. One female spent the day after spawning in the foam. The eggs were pale grey, the yolk averaging 2.3?mm in diameter. The mean number of eggs was 2101 per egg clutch. The number of tadpoles in individual nests varied between 0.05% and 11.40% in relation to the total laid eggs. The tadpoles entered water when rains flooded the basin. The tadpoles grew to 12 times the weight of an individual egg while in the nest; no nesting tadpole was beyond stage 25. The longest time we followed tadpoles in a nest was 25 days. Tadpoles were found preying upon eggs of three other frog species and upon conspecific eggs. Males fought by grasping each other in a belly‐to‐belly position; the powerful arms and the thumb spines represent weapons. Even though males can reach maturity in the season following birth, small size would prevent them from establishing their own territory. All the species of the L. pentadactylus group may build their foam nests within excavated basins. The basins may protect the eggs and embryos from cannibalistic tadpoles and may have an anti‐desiccation effect. In order to produce trophic eggs, the female may delay laying additional unfertilized eggs until after the male has abandoned the foam nest. Anuran eggs represent an important food item for tadpoles after they leave the nest.     

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分析了产业链视角下现代农业服务模式的内涵、构建和完善的目标;在此基础上提出了构建和完善六种产业链视角下现代农业服务模式的类型。     

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风头鸊鷉的繁殖生态

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可持续发展理论的多重内涵

可持续发展具有多重维度的科学内涵。本文分别对可持续发展理论的生态环境伦理内涵、经济学内涵展开考察和阐述。     

试论当代高层建筑设计的价值取向

以国际竞赛中选方案的为例进行分析，指出高层建筑设计应以对环境的观照为出发点，以建筑所处的自然环境，城市格局和人文环境的设计构思依据，使形式具深的内涵，最大限度地实现的价值。     

长沙池鹭繁殖生态研究

本课题于1984—1986年在湖南省长沙动物园进行。池鹭Ardeola bacchus约于每年4月20日到达长沙动物园。4月底开始建巢,五月初开始产卵。每窝2—8枚卵,通常4—6枚,平均4.72枚。卵径为39×29.7毫米,最大的43.6×31.8毫米,最小的32.6×27.2毫米,卵重17.8克。五月底孵出雏鸟,雏鸟平均14.3克,它们30日龄后才离巢,双亲参加孵卵及育雏。9月底飞离长沙动物园。