黄河沉积物中重金属离子的形态转化及释放研究

以黄河包头段上游清洁河段的沉积物为吸附剂,以Pb^2 、Cu^2 、Zn^2 、Cd^2 等多离子溶液为吸附质,开展了重金属离子被黄河沉积物吸附后的再释放,以及吸附作用对重金属形态转化的影响等实验研究．结果表明,重金属离子被黄河沉积物吸附后,各元素均不转入残渣态,Cu^2 和Zn^2 主要向碳酸盐结合态及铁锰氧化物结合态转化,Pb^2 主要向碳酸盐结合态和可交换态转化;Cd^2 主要转入可交换态和碳酸盐结合态．吸附后的赋存形态决定了Cd^2 的释放量及释放能力远远大于其它3种重金属离子,由Cd^2 排放引起的污染不易消除且影响长久．     

深海沉积物样品中古菌的16S rDNA分析

利用多管采样器,在太平洋西经177°42'20",北纬10°35'06"的位置上,从水深5774 m的海底获得深海沉积物样本,现场提取DNA进行保存.以此DNA为模板,利用古菌16S rDNA特异引物扩增出样品中古菌的16S rDNA,将扩增所得的16S rDNA进行克隆,建立了该样品中古菌的16S rDNA文库.对16S rDNA扩增片段进行了RFLP分析和序列分析,结果表明这些古菌在系统进化树上的位置靠近,属于Crenarchaeota中的Ⅰ类海洋古菌类群.     

REE geochemistry of suspended sediments from the rivers around the Yellow Sea and provenance indicators

Rare earth element (REE) compositions of the suspended sediments from the rivers around the Yellow Sea were different in that Korean river sediments (Han, Keum and Yeongsan Rivers) yield stronger fractionations than Chinese river sediments (Changjiang, Huanghe and Yalujiang), shown by obvious enrichments of LREE (light rare earth element) relative to UCC (upper continental crust).Variations of source rock compositions in the drainage basins are responsible for the differences of REE compositions between the river sediments. REE fractionation parameters including (La/Yb)ucc and (Gd/Yb)ucc as well as the ratios of La/Sc and Th/Sc can be treated as proper proxies for identifying the Chinese river sediments from those Korean river matters, and furthermore, for studying the provenances and paleoenvironmental changes of the marginal seas of China.     

珠江流域盆地表层沉积物的黏土矿物及其对南海沉积物的贡献

黏土矿物以其示踪洋流变化和揭示物源区陆地同时期气候变化的能力, 近年来在南海东亚季风演化的研究中起到了重要作用. 珠江作为南海北部陆源物质输入的重要河流之一, 以往的研究还没有开展过详细的黏土矿物学工作. 运用X射线衍射方法, 系统地研究了珠江流域盆地(包括珠江主流、各支流和珠江口伶仃洋)表层沉积物的黏土矿物组合. 结果显示, 珠江流域盆地黏土矿物组合主要由高岭石(35%~65%)、绿泥石(20%~35%)和伊利石(12%~42%)组成, 蒙脱石含量一般小于5%, 区域分布上不具明显的差异性. 但是, 从珠江流域盆地到南海北部, 高岭石含量持续降低, 蒙脱石含量持续上升, 伊利石含量也不断上升, 伊利石化学指数递减, 伊利石结晶度增强, 这些特征都表明珠江流域盆地对南海北部黏土矿物的贡献主要是高岭石, 其次是伊利石和绿泥石, 基本不提供蒙脱石. 研究认为, 珠江对南海北部陆缘的黏土矿物贡献率最多为72%, 而对北部陆坡的贡献率最多仅为15%. 无论是冰期还是间冰期时期, 高岭石都指示了珠江流域的机械侵蚀能力.     

鄱阳湖三江流域沉积物重金属污染现状评价

在乐安江、昌江、饶河三江河段布设采样点,采取河流表层沉积物进行重金属污染现状分析及潜在生态风险性评价.结果表明三江流域都不同程度受Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的污染.从总体污染程度分析,各污染物的污染程度大小排列次序为:Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Cd.各采样点污染程度排序为:蔡家湾2号点＞鄱阳镇＞赵家湾＞饶河口＞昌江＞蔡家湾1号点＞尧山刘家.从各采样点潜在生态污染程度分析,各污染物对鄱阳湖生态风险构成危害的影响程度排列次序为:Zn＞Pb＞Cd＞Cu.     

珠江口桂山岛沉积物甲烷厌氧氧化作用研究

系统分析了珠江口桂山岛沉积物间隙水甲烷和硫酸盐、pH和溶解无机碳(DIC)以及δ13C-CH4和δ13C-DIC的垂直剖面分布.结果显示:间隙水硫酸盐浓度呈线性梯度减小,至沉积物SMI(sulfate-methane interface)附近,硫酸盐几乎全部消耗而甲烷浓度急剧增大,与此同时,间隙水pH和DIC在该深度位置明显升高.间隙水地球化学特征揭示了沉积物发生了甲烷厌氧氧化(AOM)作用.在AOM过程中,由于12CH4氧化速率较13CH4快,故引起沉积物间隙水剩余甲烷的碳同位素偏重,而δ13C-DIC值变为极负.由扩散公式计算结果可知,AOM消耗沉积物间隙水硫酸盐占总硫酸盐的比例为58.6%,该过程产生的DIC占间隙水总DIC的比例为41.4%.沉积物有机质的活性及含量大小对AOM作用的发生及其强度有重要的影响,该研究区沉积物活性有机质(主要为海洋来源)在沉积物表层通过矿化分解作用消耗,从而导致进入沉积物硫酸盐还原带底部的活性有机质数量减少,在该条件下,部分硫酸盐将转为与甲烷反应消耗,从而引发AOM.     

过去1 300年南海东岛生态环境对气候变化的响应

东岛牛塘为目前在西沙群岛少见的淡水型湖泊,其中保存完好的粪土沉积物记录了距今1 300年来东岛生态环境演化历史.对DY4粪土沉积柱的研究结果表明,在1 400 AD前,东岛海鸟数量较多,牛塘湖岸周围植被生长较为繁盛,而在1 400~1 850 AD期间,东岛海鸟数量和植被生长都处于低谷.通过综合对比研究区、中国乃至北半球降雨量、温度变化记录,发现1 400 AD前岛屿生物量较高的时期对应于暖干的中世纪温暖期,而低生物量时期与凉湿的小冰期一致,证明南海热带孤立岛屿生态系统对区域乃至全球气候环境变化响应非常灵敏.     

Clay minerals in surface sediments of the Pearl River drainage basin and their contribution to the South China Sea

Clay minerals have played a significant role in the study of the East Asian monsoon evolution in the South China Sea by being able to track oceanic current variations and to reveal contemporaneous paleoclimaUc changes prevailing in continental source areas. As one of the most important rivers inputting terrigenous matters to the northern South China Sea, the Pearl River was not previously paid attention to from the viewpoint of clay mineralogy. This paper presents a detailed study on clay minerals in surface sediments collected from the Pearl River drainage basin （including all three main channels, various branches, and the Lingdingyang in the estuary） by using the X-ray diffraction （XRD） method. The results indicate that the clay mineral assemblage consists dominantly of kaolinite （35%-65%）, lesser abundance of chlorite （20%-35%） and illite （12%-42%）, and very scare smectite occurrences （generally 〈5%）. Their respective distribution does not present any obvious difference throughout the Pearl River drainage basin. However, downstream the Pearl River to the northern South China Sea, the clay mineral assemblage varies significantly： kaolinite decreases gradually, smecUte and illite increase gradually. Additionally, illite chemistry index steps down and illite crystallinity steps up. These variations indicate the contribution of major kaolinite, lesser illite and chlorite, and very scarce smecUte to the northern South China Sea from the Pearl River drainage basin. The maximum contribution of clay minerals from the Pearl River is 72% to the northern margin and only 15% to the northern slope of the South China Sea. In both glacials and interglacials, kaolinite indicates that the ability of mechanical erosion occurred in the Pearl River drainage basin.