多工况下油罐车罐体的轻量化设计

油罐车罐体约占整车质量的12%~24%,对其进行轻量化设计对降低发动机油耗、提高油罐车的操控稳定性等至关重要.然而,金属罐体结构已趋成熟,基于通用金属材料性能及其对应结构层面上的优化已难以满足当前高性能轻量化油罐车的需求.考虑到油罐车多工况工作条件,以及复合材料优异的力学性能和可设计性强的特性,构建了一种新型轻质复合材料罐体结构.基于参数化建模方法构建罐体的三维模型,并通过数值模拟方法详细研究罐体在静态和动态条件下的应力分布情况.通过模态分析来确定罐体的主要基本阶的固有频率和相应振型,为发动机选型提供参考依据.结果表明,在满足多工况性能要求的前提下,复合材料模型质量比钢材降低了64.1%,比铝材降低了19.8%.     

Biological weapons

Brucella has traditionally been considered a biological weapon. It was the subject of extensive offensive research in the past, and still belongs to category B pathogens on most lists. Its propensity for airborne transmission and induction of chronic debilitating disease requiring combined antibiotic regimens for treatment, its abundance around the world and its vague clinical characteristics defying rapid clinical diagnosis are some of the characteristics that apply to the pathogen's weapons potential. Yet minimal mortality, availability of treatment options, protracted inoculation period and the emergence of new, more virulent potential weapons means that its inclusion among agents of bioterrorism is nowadays mainly of historical significance. Nevertheless, in the interest of literacy and of avoiding panic, physicians and the public both should be aware of the most common zoonosis worldwide.     

Lack of pituitary involvement in the cold-induced hyperglycemia of the killifish,Fundulus heteroclitus

Zusammenfassung Glukose-Steigerung im Serum vonFundulus heteroclitus nach Akklimatisation an –1,5°C wird nicht durch die Hypophyse verursacht. Hingegen ist die Hypophyse notwendig, um die Serumglukose bei 20°C bei normaler Konzentration zu halten. Hypophysektomie bei 20°C hat eine Abnahme der Serumglukose zur Folge.     

Mobile silver ions and glass formation in solid electrolytes

Solid electrolytes are a class of materials in which the cationic or anionic constituents are not confined to specific lattice sites, but are essentially free to move throughout the structure. The solid electrolytes AgI and Ag2Se (refs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) are of interest for their use as additives in network glasses, such as chalcogenides and oxides, because the resulting composite glasses can show high electrical conductivities with potential applications for batteries, sensors and displays. Here we show that these composite glasses can exhibit two distinct types of molecular structures-an intrinsic phase-separation that results in a bimodal distribution of glass transition temperatures, and a microscopically homogeneous network displaying a single glass transition temperature. For the first case, the two transition temperatures correspond to the solid-electrolyte glass phase and the main glass phase (the 'base glass'), enabling us to show that the glass transition temperatures for the AgI and Ag2Se phases are respectively 75 and 230 degrees C. Furthermore, we show that the magnitude of the bimodal glass transition temperatures can be quantitatively understood in terms of network connectivity, provided that the Ag+ cations undergo fast-ion motion in the glasses. These results allow us to unambiguously distinguish base glasses in which these additives are homogeneously alloyed from those in which an intrinsic phase separation occurs, and to provide clues to understanding ion-transport behaviour in these superionic conductors.     

面向对象的城市空间信息遥感分析的理论框架

提出了面向对象的城市空间信息遥感分析的理论框架.对图像对象、地理空间对象和城市空间对象做出了明确界定,详细说明了三者间的区别和联系;总结了地理空间对象识别的三准则:边界、属性和尺度;提出地理空间对象和城市空间对象由身份、状态和行为三部分构成,对应的形式表达为标识、属性和关系.在分析地理空间对象中所包含信息的三个维度——专题、空间和时间的基础上,详细说明了组成地理空间对象和城市空间对象的专题属性、空间属性、时间属性和专题关系、空间关系、时间关系.在理论基础上,建立了一个通用的面向对象的城市空间信息遥感分析的总体框架.     

Mechanism of reaction of carcinogen N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene with DNA

Summary Scavenging studies are supporting the notion that triplet radical cations are formed during the binding of the carcinogen N-acetoxy-2-acetylamino-fluorene to native DNA in vitro.This work was supported by Grant No.3305.78 of the Swiss National Science Foundation and by a grant from The Roche Research Foundation.     

Thérapeutique des mycoses profondes (à l'exception des aspergilloses et des fusarioses)

Systemic fungal infections frequency is increasing, particulary in immunosuppressed patients. The reference molecule is still conventional amphotericin B IV (0,7–1 mg/kg/day), despite has toxicity (chills, fever, dizzyness, renal failure). New lipidic formulations of amphotericin B (Ambisome®, Abelcet®) have less toxicity and efficacy at least as good as conventional amphotericin B IV. These new therapies are still expensive, and we need cost-benefice studies to define there place in invasive fungal infections treatment. Fluconazole, which biodisponibility per os is good, can be used in second line, after amphotericin B treatment (cryptococcal meningitis for exemple) or in first line treatment for candidemia if Candida is susceptible to fluconazole. High doses fluconazole (400–800 mg/day) can be used in case of reduced suceptibility, or in maintenance therapy for cryptoccocal infection. Tolerance of high-doses fluconazole therapy is good. Itraconazole has variable biodisponibility, and must be used in second line treatment, for exemple in œsophagal candidosis in immunocompromised patients (400 mg/day) or in maintenance therapy for histoplasmosis or penicilliosis. Interactions with others treatments are numerous. Flucytosine (5FC) is always used in association with other antifungal, because of the high risk of resistance mutation selection in monotherapy, and can be used with amphotericin B IV in serious invasive fugal infections like crytococcal meningitis.     

Removal of Ammonia from Wastewater Effluent by Chlorella Vulgaris

The capability of Chlorella vulgaris to remove nitrogen in the form of ammonia and/or ammonium ions from wastewater effluent in a local wastewater treatment plant (i.e., the Mill Creek Plant in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.) was studied. The wastewater effluent leaving the plant was found to include high concentra-tions of nitrogen (7.7±0.19 mg/L) (ammonia (NH3) and/or ammonium ion (NH4+)) and total inorganic carbon (58.6±0.28 mg/L) at pH 7, and to be suitable for growing Chlorella vulgaris. When Chlorella vulgaris was cul-tivated in a batch mode under a closed system, half of the nitrogen concentration was dramatically removed in 48 h after a 24-h lag-phase period. Total inorganic carbon concentration also concomitantly decreased during the rapid growth-phase. The total biomass weight gained during the entire cultivation period balanced out well with the total amount of inorganic carbon and nitrogen removed from the culture medium. These results indicate that wastewater can be synergistically used to polish residual nutrients in wastewater as well as to cultivate microalgae for biofuel production.     

The diverse aims of science

There is increasing attention to the centrality of idealization in science. One common view is that models and other idealized representations are important to science, but that they fall short in one or more ways. On this view, there must be an intermediary step between idealized representation and the traditional aims of science, including truth, explanation, and prediction. Here I develop an alternative interpretation of the relationship between idealized representation and the aims of science. I suggest that continuing, widespread idealization calls into question the idea that science aims for truth. If instead science aims to produce understanding, this would enable idealizations to directly contribute to science's epistemic success. I also use the fact of widespread idealization to motivate the idea that science's wide variety aims, epistemic and non-epistemic, are best served by different kinds of scientific products. Finally, I show how these diverse aims—most rather distant from truth—result in the expanded influence of social values on science.