Adaptive subwavelength control of nano-optical fields

Adaptive shaping of the phase and amplitude of femtosecond laser pulses has been developed into an efficient tool for the directed manipulation of interference phenomena, thus providing coherent control over various quantum-mechanical systems. Temporal resolution in the femtosecond or even attosecond range has been demonstrated, but spatial resolution is limited by diffraction to approximately half the wavelength of the light field (that is, several hundred nanometres). Theory has indicated that the spatial limitation to coherent control can be overcome with the illumination of nanostructures: the spatial near-field distribution was shown to depend on the linear chirp of an irradiating laser pulse. An extension of this idea to adaptive control, combining multiparameter pulse shaping with a learning algorithm, demonstrated the generation of user-specified optical near-field distributions in an optimal and flexible fashion. Shaping of the polarization of the laser pulse provides a particularly efficient and versatile nano-optical manipulation method. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of this concept experimentally, by tailoring the optical near field in the vicinity of silver nanostructures through adaptive polarization shaping of femtosecond laser pulses and then probing the lateral field distribution by two-photon photoemission electron microscopy. In this combination of adaptive control and nano-optics, we achieve subwavelength dynamic localization of electromagnetic intensity on the nanometre scale and thus overcome the spatial restrictions of conventional optics. This experimental realization of theoretical suggestions opens a number of perspectives in coherent control, nano-optics, nonlinear spectroscopy, and other research fields in which optical investigations are carried out with spatial or temporal resolution.     

Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the world's most important non-grain food crop and is central to global food security. It is clonally propagated, highly heterozygous, autotetraploid, and suffers acute inbreeding depression. Here we use a homozygous doubled-monoploid potato clone to sequence and assemble 86% of the 844-megabase genome. We predict 39,031 protein-coding genes and present evidence for at least two genome duplication events indicative of a palaeopolyploid origin. As the first genome sequence of an asterid, the potato genome reveals 2,642 genes specific to this large angiosperm clade. We also sequenced a heterozygous diploid clone and show that gene presence/absence variants and other potentially deleterious mutations occur frequently and are a likely cause of inbreeding depression. Gene family expansion, tissue-specific expression and recruitment of genes to new pathways contributed to the evolution of tuber development. The potato genome sequence provides a platform for genetic improvement of this vital crop.     

Gravity modes as a way to distinguish between hydrogen- and helium-burning red giant stars

Red giants are evolved stars that have exhausted the supply of hydrogen in their cores and instead burn hydrogen in a surrounding shell. Once a red giant is sufficiently evolved, the helium in the core also undergoes fusion. Outstanding issues in our understanding of red giants include uncertainties in the amount of mass lost at the surface before helium ignition and the amount of internal mixing from rotation and other processes. Progress is hampered by our inability to distinguish between red giants burning helium in the core and those still only burning hydrogen in a shell. Asteroseismology offers a way forward, being a powerful tool for probing the internal structures of stars using their natural oscillation frequencies. Here we report observations of gravity-mode period spacings in red giants that permit a distinction between evolutionary stages to be made. We use high-precision photometry obtained by the Kepler spacecraft over more than a year to measure oscillations in several hundred red giants. We find many stars whose dipole modes show sequences with approximately regular period spacings. These stars fall into two clear groups, allowing us to distinguish unambiguously between hydrogen-shell-burning stars (period spacing mostly ～ 50 seconds) and those that are also burning helium (period spacing ～ 100 to 300 seconds).     

Spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensates

Spin-orbit (SO) coupling--the interaction between a quantum particle's spin and its momentum--is ubiquitous in physical systems. In condensed matter systems, SO coupling is crucial for the spin-Hall effect and topological insulators; it contributes to the electronic properties of materials such as GaAs, and is important for spintronic devices. Quantum many-body systems of ultracold atoms can be precisely controlled experimentally, and would therefore seem to provide an ideal platform on which to study SO coupling. Although an atom's intrinsic SO coupling affects its electronic structure, it does not lead to coupling between the spin and the centre-of-mass motion of the atom. Here, we engineer SO coupling (with equal Rashba and Dresselhaus strengths) in a neutral atomic Bose-Einstein condensate by dressing two atomic spin states with a pair of lasers. Such coupling has not been realized previously for ultracold atomic gases, or indeed any bosonic system. Furthermore, in the presence of the laser coupling, the interactions between the two dressed atomic spin states are modified, driving a quantum phase transition from a spatially spin-mixed state (lasers off) to a phase-separated state (above a critical laser intensity). We develop a many-body theory that provides quantitative agreement with the observed location of the transition. The engineered SO coupling--equally applicable for bosons and fermions--sets the stage for the realization of topological insulators in fermionic neutral atom systems.     

Shank3 mutant mice display autistic-like behaviours and striatal dysfunction

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) comprise a range of disorders that share a core of neurobehavioural deficits characterized by widespread abnormalities in social interactions, deficits in communication as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviours. The neurological basis and circuitry mechanisms underlying these abnormal behaviours are poorly understood. SHANK3 is a postsynaptic protein, whose disruption at the genetic level is thought to be responsible for the development of 22q13 deletion syndrome (Phelan-McDermid syndrome) and other non-syndromic ASDs. Here we show that mice with Shank3 gene deletions exhibit self-injurious repetitive grooming and deficits in social interaction. Cellular, electrophysiological and biochemical analyses uncovered defects at striatal synapses and cortico-striatal circuits in Shank3 mutant mice. Our findings demonstrate a critical role for SHANK3 in the normal development of neuronal connectivity and establish causality between a disruption in the Shank3 gene and the genesis of autistic-like behaviours in mice.     

我校与陕西福天宝集团公司签定技术转让协议

20 0 0年 1 1月 9日 ,我校与陕西福天宝集团公司在该集团公司举行了“年产 50 0 t含重金属离子污水处理剂 DTCR技术成果转让签约仪式”,技术转让费成交 60万元。这是继 7日在杨凌农高会对该项目拍卖后双方具有实质性进展的再合作。我校副校长朱恪孝 ,“2 1 1工程”办公室、科研处有关负责人 ,以及陕西福天宝集团公司董事长吴言强、总经理黄翠萍等出席了签约仪式。这项技术成果是由我校化学研究所孙来九教授、王文丰副教授等人开发研制的环保产品 ,该产品是一种液体高分子螯合树脂 ,能与废水中的重金属离子迅速反应生成水不溶性络合盐而达…     

奂疫关键点阻断剂点燃治疗黑色素瘤和癌症的希望

长期以来，癌症的治疗主要是通过外科手术、放疗以及使用具有细胞毒性的化疗等手段联合完成。近年来，随着科学家对癌症的细胞及分子生物学的研究不断深入，诞生了一系列新的化合物，这些化合物可以补充或替代上述传统的癌症治疗手段。例如，表l列举了针对晚期黑色素瘤的药物，其中一些可以对抗肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸能力。     

新概念无人穿梭艇静水操纵性能

引入一种具有单体半滑行穿浪船型的新概念无人艇——穿梭艇,对其优良的操纵性能进行研究和分析.根据国际海事组织船舶操纵性试验标准,搭建穿梭艇自航模系统,进行标准的自航操纵性试验,获取相关的静水操纵性数据.采用船舶操纵性理论,结合试验数据对穿梭艇的操纵性能进行研究和分析.试验和分析结果表明穿梭艇具有良好的操纵性能和灵活性、独特的操纵性特点和优势.此外,采用数值计算方法,对其独特的操纵性特点进行了理论分析.     

科学饲料管理系统的研究与实现

本文论述了“清真畜产品规范生产与质量认证系统”中“科学饲料管理系统”的设计过程以及研发成果。该系统针对奶牛、肉牛和肉羊等特色动物养殖中饲料合理化和科学化的要求，对异构数据集成整合，即在客户端将各种异构数据转换成XML格式文件，通过Internet网络上传至服务器指定文件夹，并进行字段映射和数据整理，最后将经过整理的数据导入服务器数据库的相关表中，从而建立了宁夏地区特色动物饲料原料成分及配比数据库（知识库），实现了全区共享的饲料配方服务管理平台、事务处理平台等。“科学饲料管理系统”的应用有助于改进奶牛等动物饲料配方的科学性，提高饲料的利用率，达到节本增效的目标，为提高养殖业管理水平与畜产品生产效率提供信息化技术支撑。     

关于农村形势问题——鲁、豫、川农村经济调查之一(一九八三年一月十七日)

1982年11月30日至12月28日,我们一行13人到山东、河南、四川三省农村作了一些调查.我们先后到了山东省泰安、聊城、菏泽,河南省开封、周口五个地区和山东省泰安、聊城、茌平、阳谷、菏泽,河南省兰考、商水、沈丘、西华、扶沟、武陟,四川省大竹、新都、广汉等15个县,分头召开了有县委书记、公社书记、生产队长、支部书记和商业、供销、粮食部门、计划、财政、工商、银行等综合部门的同志参加的各类座谈会33个,走访了76家农户和一批商店、学校.