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71.
72.
T. Williams A. Stempel R. H. Evans Jr. A. Jacoby J. W. Westley 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1973,29(3):257-258
Zusammenfassung Die Struktur destrans-6-[2-(1-hydroxybutyl)-4-tolyl]-hex-5-enamids (I), eines neuen mikrobiellen Metaboliten, wurde durch Protonenresonanz-Spektroskopie unter Verwendung des Verschiebungsreagenz Eu (DPM)3 bestimmt. 相似文献
73.
Antigenicity of Mycoplasma membranes 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
74.
P. M. May P. W. Linder D. R. Williams 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1976,32(12):1492-1494
Summary Although the absolute concentrations of metal complexes in blood plasma are controlled by protein binding, the percentage distribution of transition metal ions amongst low molecular weight ligands is not. Thus, computer simulations which omit protein equilibria can nevertheless afford reliable information about such metals in the biofluid.Acknowledgments. One of us (P. M. M.) thanks the University of Cape Town and the C. S. I. R. for financial assistance. Computations were performed on both of the University of Cape Town's UNIVAC 1106 system and the St. Andrews University's IBM 360/44. Address ofP. W. Linder: University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape (South Africa). 相似文献
75.
76.
Sheth SA Mian MK Patel SR Asaad WF Williams ZM Dougherty DD Bush G Eskandar EN 《Nature》2012,488(7410):218-221
The ability to optimize behavioural performance when confronted with continuously evolving environmental demands is a key element of human cognition. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), which lies on the medial surface of the frontal lobes, is important in regulating cognitive control. Hypotheses about its function include guiding reward-based decision making, monitoring for conflict between competing responses and predicting task difficulty. Precise mechanisms of dACC function remain unknown, however, because of the limited number of human neurophysiological studies. Here we use functional imaging and human single-neuron recordings to show that the firing of individual dACC neurons encodes current and recent cognitive load. We demonstrate that the modulation of current dACC activity by previous activity produces a behavioural adaptation that accelerates reactions to cues of similar difficulty to previous ones, and retards reactions to cues of different difficulty. Furthermore, this conflict adaptation, or Gratton effect, is abolished after surgically targeted ablation of the dACC. Our results demonstrate that the dACC provides a continuously updated prediction of expected cognitive demand to optimize future behavioural responses. In situations with stable cognitive demands, this signal promotes efficiency by hastening responses, but in situations with changing demands it engenders accuracy by delaying responses. 相似文献
77.
Prud'homme B Gompel N Rokas A Kassner VA Williams TM Yeh SD True JR Carroll SB 《Nature》2006,440(7087):1050-1053
The independent evolution of morphological similarities is widespread. For simple traits, such as overall body colour, repeated transitions by means of mutations in the same gene may be common. However, for more complex traits, the possible genetic paths may be more numerous; the molecular mechanisms underlying their independent origins and the extent to which they are constrained to follow certain genetic paths are largely unknown. Here we show that a male wing pigmentation pattern involved in courtship display has been gained and lost multiple times in a Drosophila clade. Each of the cases we have analysed (two gains and two losses) involved regulatory changes at the pleiotropic pigmentation gene yellow. Losses involved the parallel inactivation of the same cis-regulatory element (CRE), with changes at a few nucleotides sufficient to account for the functional divergence of one element between two sibling species. Surprisingly, two independent gains of wing spots resulted from the co-option of distinct ancestral CREs. These results demonstrate how the functional diversification of the modular CREs of pleiotropic genes contributes to evolutionary novelty and the independent evolution of morphological similarities. 相似文献
78.
Haislip JB Nysewander MC Reichart DE Levan A Tanvir N Cenko SB Fox DB Price PA Castro-Tirado AJ Gorosabel J Evans CR Figueredo E MacLeod CL Kirschbrown JR Jelinek M Guziy S de Ugarte Postigo A Cypriano ES LaCluyze A Graham J Priddey R Chapman R Rhoads J Fruchter AS Lamb DQ Kouveliotou C Wijers RA Bayliss MB Schmidt BP Soderberg AM Kulkarni SR Harrison FA Moon DS Gal-Yam A Kasliwal MM Hudec R Vitek S Kubanek P Crain JA Foster AC Clemens JC Bartelme JW Canterna R Hartmann DH Henden AA Klose S 《Nature》2006,440(7081):181-183
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and their afterglows are the most brilliant transient events in the Universe. Both the bursts themselves and their afterglows have been predicted to be visible out to redshifts of z approximately 20, and therefore to be powerful probes of the early Universe. The burst GRB 000131, at z = 4.50, was hitherto the most distant such event identified. Here we report the discovery of the bright near-infrared afterglow of GRB 050904 (ref. 4). From our measurements of the near-infrared afterglow, and our failure to detect the optical afterglow, we determine the photometric redshift of the burst to be z = 6.39 - 0.12 + 0.11 (refs 5-7). Subsequently, it was measured spectroscopically to be z = 6.29 +/- 0.01, in agreement with our photometric estimate. These results demonstrate that GRBs can be used to trace the star formation, metallicity, and reionization histories of the early Universe. 相似文献
79.
Pedro R. Bartholomay Kevin A. Williams Roberto A. Cambra Marcio L. Oliveira 《Journal of Natural History》2019,53(43-44):2639-2683
ABSTRACTTraumatomutilla duplicata duplicata (Gerstaecker, 1874), T. duplicata feia Casal, 1969, T. bruchi André, 1908, T. cristata (Gerstaecker, 1874), T. aterrima (Gerstaecker, 1874) and T. lorena (Cresson, 1902) are proposed as junior synonyms of Traumatomutilla bivittata (Gerstaecker, 1874). Traumatomutilla immaculiceps André, 1901, T. bivittata rubroguttata André, 1901 and T. estrella (Cresson, 1902) are proposed as junior synonyms of T. juvenilis (Gerstaecker, 1874). Traumatomutilla bispiculata (André, 1907) is proposed as a junior synonym of T. miniata (Gerstaecker, 1874). The previously unknown males of T. guarata Casal, 1969 and T. juvenilis are described and illustrated. All species of the T. juvenilis species group are redescribed and illustrated. A new species, Traumatomutilla juvenindica Bartholomay & Williams sp. nov., is described based on males and females from northern South America. Additionally, identification keys to the species and known colour forms of the T. juvenilis species group are provided.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3563B9EE-A45B-4939-8436-7A808D4F8996 相似文献
80.
The use of correlation between forecasts and actual returns is commonplace in the literature, often used as a measurement of investors' skill. A prominent application of this is the concept of the information coefficient (IC). Not only can the IC be used as a tool to rate analysts and fund managers but it also represents an important parameter in the asset allocation and portfolio construction process. Nevertheless, a theoretical understanding of it has typically been limited to the partial equilibrium context where the investing activities of each agent have no effect on other market participants. In this paper we show that this can be an undesirable oversimplification and we demonstrate plausible circumstances in which conventional empirical measurements of IC can be highly misleading. We suggest that improved understanding of IC in a general equilibrium setting can lead to refined portfolio decision making ex ante and more informative analysis of performance ex post. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献