Atom-by-atom spectroscopy at graphene edge

The properties of many nanoscale devices are sensitive to local atomic configurations, and so elemental identification and electronic state analysis at the scale of individual atoms is becoming increasingly important. For example, graphene is regarded as a promising candidate for future devices, and the electronic properties of nanodevices constructed from this material are in large part governed by the edge structures. The atomic configurations at graphene boundaries have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy, but the electronic properties of these edge states have not yet been determined with atomic resolution. Whereas simple elemental analysis at the level of single atoms can now be achieved by means of annular dark field imaging or electron energy-loss spectroscopy, obtaining fine-structure spectroscopic information about individual light atoms such as those of carbon has been hampered by a combination of extremely weak signals and specimen damage by the electron beam. Here we overcome these difficulties to demonstrate site-specific single-atom spectroscopy at a graphene boundary, enabling direct investigation of the electronic and bonding structures of the edge atoms-in particular, discrimination of single-, double- and triple-coordinated carbon atoms is achieved with atomic resolution. By demonstrating how rich chemical information can be obtained from single atoms through energy-loss near-edge fine-structure analysis, our results should open the way to exploring the local electronic structures of various nanodevices and individual molecules.     

A review of three species of Hesperonoe (Annelida: Polynoidae) in Asia,with descriptions of two new species and a new record of Hesperonoe hwanghaiensis from Korea

A taxonomic review of three Asian species of Hesperonoe (Annelida: Polynoidae) is presented. Hesperonoe hwanghaiensis Uschakov and Wu, 1959 Uschakov PV, Wu B. 1959. [The polychaete worms of the families Phyllodocidae and Aphroditidae (Polychaeta, errantia) from the Yellow Sea]. Arch Inst Oceanol Sinica. 1:1–40, pls. I–X. (In Chinese and Russian). [Google Scholar] (type locality: Qingdao, China) is redescribed based on five specimens collected from an intertidal site in the Korean coast of the Yellow Sea, as a new record of this species from Korea, which is the only known habitat outside the type locality. Hesperonoe coreensis sp. nov. is described based on nine specimens collected from two intertidal sites in the Korean coast of the Yellow Sea, including the same site as the habitat of H. hwanghaiensis. Hesperonoe japonensis sp. nov. is described by re-examination of many specimens collected from eight intertidal sites and a subtidal one in Japan, which was previously misidentified as H. hwanghaiensis. The three species are clearly distinguishable from one another by the species-specific morphology of the macrotubercles (or marked ridges) on the surface of elytra. All of the three species seemed to be commensal with the burrowing mud shrimp Upogebia major in intertidal flats, except for an additional probable host of another upogebid shrimp Austinogebia narutensis for H. japonensis sp. nov. in a subtidal habitat. The morphological characteristics and host species of the three Asian species are compared with all of the other five congeners known from the North American Pacific and Arctic Sea.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:51CB5C5B-0838-48AC-A0BA-8E63AA7628CB     

基于微孔洞细观损伤模型的金属剪切失效分析

针对GTN模型不能模拟剪切破坏这一缺陷,基于Nahshon和Hutchinson的修正,在隐式有限元过程中开发了同时适用于拉伸和剪切断裂模式的细观损伤材料本构.首先,推导了适用于修正后损伤本构的全隐式数值积分公式和一致性切线模量,给出了UMAT子程序的计算流程;然后,采用一个单元分别施加拉伸和剪切边界条件,验证了细观损伤材料本构的有效性;最后,分析了薄壁结构在扭转载荷下的弹塑性响应.与试验结果的对比研究表明:修正的细观损伤模型能够较好地预测出延性材料的剪切损伤演化过程.     

A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96

When galaxy formation started in the history of the Universe remains unclear. Studies of the cosmic microwave background indicate that the Universe, after initial cooling (following the Big Bang), was reheated and reionized by hot stars in newborn galaxies at a redshift in the range 6 < z < 14 (ref. 1). Though several candidate galaxies at redshift z > 7 have been identified photometrically, galaxies with spectroscopically confirmed redshifts have been confined to z < 6.6 (refs 4-8). Here we report a spectroscopic redshift of z = 6.96 (corresponding to just 750 Myr after the Big Bang) for a galaxy whose spectrum clearly shows Lyman-alpha emission at 9,682 A, indicating active star formation at a rate of approximately 10M(o) yr(-1), where M(o) is the mass of the Sun. This demonstrates that galaxy formation was under way when the Universe was only approximately 6 per cent of its present age. The number density of galaxies at z approximately 7 seems to be only 18-36 per cent of the density at z = 6.6.     

Structural basis of long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines

Dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex undergo activity-dependent structural remodelling that has been proposed to be a cellular basis of learning and memory. How structural remodelling supports synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation, and whether such plasticity is input-specific at the level of the individual spine has remained unknown. We investigated the structural basis of long-term potentiation using two-photon photolysis of caged glutamate at single spines of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Here we show that repetitive quantum-like photorelease (uncaging) of glutamate induces a rapid and selective enlargement of stimulated spines that is transient in large mushroom spines but persistent in small spines. Spine enlargement is associated with an increase in AMPA-receptor-mediated currents at the stimulated synapse and is dependent on NMDA receptors, calmodulin and actin polymerization. Long-lasting spine enlargement also requires Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Our results thus indicate that spines individually follow Hebb's postulate for learning. They further suggest that small spines are preferential sites for long-term potentiation induction, whereas large spines might represent physical traces of long-term memory.     

气体绝缘系统电极表面覆膜时金属导电微粒带电原因分析

在施加直流或交流电压的表面覆涂绝缘介质的楔形电极结构条件下，讨论了SF6中自由金属导电微粒在电场梯度力存在时的运动特性．通过实验测得的自由导电微粒运动起始时的电压，计算得到微粒所带电荷量，该结果与采用法拉第筒测得的结果吻合，即当电极表面覆以100μm厚的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)薄膜时，微粒带电量约为未覆膜时的30％～60％．通过对微粒与介质间局部放电导致发光现象的实验观测研究，表明表面覆涂绝缘介质的非平行平板电极间自由金属导电微粒的带电机理在直流电压下为电导电流或薄膜表面极化带电，交流电压下为微粒与介质间的微放电．     

电火花线切割机加工自由曲面的CAD/CAM软件

用电火花线切割机加工自由曲面时,常规的NC编程无法精确、实时地调整电极丝与工件的相对位置。为此设计了一种CAD/CAM软件,该软件可依据被加工曲面的CAD数据,计算出加工点处电极丝的位置和姿态,并且根据加工点的法线矢量和电极丝的轴心矢量的交叉乘积决定加工点的移动方向,然后自动生成NC指令进行自由曲面的加工。利用这套软件对球面进行了加工实验。结果表明:加工得到的球面与仿真结果基本相似,加工精度取决于放电间隙及切向进给方式。     

Effects of Avermectin Bla on the motility of various parasitic helminths

Summary Using an isotonic transducer recently devised in Japan, it was observed that Avermectin Bla, a new anthelmintic, caused paralyzing effects onAngiostrongylus cantonensis andMetastrongylus elongatus at concentrations of more than 3.6×10^–18 M.