Revisiting Lévy flight search patterns of wandering albatrosses, bumblebees and deer

The study of animal foraging behaviour is of practical ecological importance, and exemplifies the wider scientific problem of optimizing search strategies. Lévy flights are random walks, the step lengths of which come from probability distributions with heavy power-law tails, such that clusters of short steps are connected by rare long steps. Lévy flights display fractal properties, have no typical scale, and occur in physical and chemical systems. An attempt to demonstrate their existence in a natural biological system presented evidence that wandering albatrosses perform Lévy flights when searching for prey on the ocean surface. This well known finding was followed by similar inferences about the search strategies of deer and bumblebees. These pioneering studies have triggered much theoretical work in physics (for example, refs 11, 12), as well as empirical ecological analyses regarding reindeer, microzooplankton, grey seals, spider monkeys and fishing boats. Here we analyse a new, high-resolution data set of wandering albatross flights, and find no evidence for Lévy flight behaviour. Instead we find that flight times are gamma distributed, with an exponential decay for the longest flights. We re-analyse the original albatross data using additional information, and conclude that the extremely long flights, essential for demonstrating Lévy flight behaviour, were spurious. Furthermore, we propose a widely applicable method to test for power-law distributions using likelihood and Akaike weights. We apply this to the four original deer and bumblebee data sets, finding that none exhibits evidence of Lévy flights, and that the original graphical approach is insufficient. Such a graphical approach has been adopted to conclude Lévy flight movement for other organisms, and to propose Lévy flight analysis as a potential real-time ecosystem monitoring tool. Our results question the strength of the empirical evidence for biological Lévy flights.     

TS-1分子筛合成与苯羟基化反应性能考察

以TEOS、TBOT和自制的w =20 % TPAOH 水溶液为原料,合成了TS- 1 分子筛,并经IR、XRD和Raman 光谱等手段证实。用该分子筛作催化剂对芳烃羟基化催化性能进行考察,并在实验的基础上推测了TS- 1 分子筛催化芳烃直接羟基化的反应历程。     

高原鼢鼠油脂中亚油酸含量定量分析

用气象色谱方法对高原鼢鼠油脂中亚油酸含量进行了定量分析,并对方法的准确度进行了检验。结果发现:高原鼢鼠油脂中亚油酸含量为10.84%±0.38%,皂化和酯化最佳时间分别为15min和7min,亚油酸甲酯标准曲线回归系数r=0.9999,亚油酸甲酯色谱峰面积的相对偏差为0.0124,样品亚油酸甲酯回收率为95.08%。     

煤岩破坏电磁辐射记忆效应特性及产生机制

通过实验研究了不同加载方式下的煤岩破坏电磁辐射记忆效应特性;借助细观损伤力学和电磁动力学等理论,对煤岩内部结构损伤扩展及电磁辐射产生机制进行了分析。结果表明,煤岩破坏电磁辐射具有记忆效应特性,但记忆最大历史应力、纵向应变的能力明显优于记忆横向应变和体应变的能力,受载煤岩损伤破坏过程的不可逆性是煤岩破坏电磁辐射产生记忆效应的直接原因。     

固体激光器的快速电光Q开关驱动电路的实验研究

比较了三种不同的电光调Q驱动电路。电子管式调Q电路工作稳定,退压沿70ns左右,但空间体积大,激光脉冲能量较低;雪崩管串联武调Q电路退压时间大约为20ns,输出激光脉冲能量高,脉宽窄;MOSFET管串联调Q电路,简单可靠,单管耐压高,退压时间为50ns。