Degradation of phenylalanine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

Summary UV-irradiation of phenylalanine by 253.7 nm light in the presence of hydrogen peroxide formed 5 ninhydrin reactive products and ammonia. Four of them were identified as aspartic acid, serine, alanine and lysine.Acknowledgments. This work was supported by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Thanks are due to the Head of the Department for facilities and to. Mr.Rakesh C. Sharma for help.     

Mast cells enter a teleost's brain by Xth cranial nerve in response toDiplostomum phoxini (Trematoda)

Summary Experimental infection byDiplostomum phoxini of the brain of laboratory hatched and rearedPhoxinus phoxinus induces the migration along the Xth cranial nerve of periodic acid Schiff positive granular leucocytes (PAS-GLs). These differentiate and grow into cells that lie between the parasite and the neurones of the host. The transformed cells are associated with elevated levels of heparin and serotonin in the brain; little histamine was detected. The reactive cell is identified as a mast cell.This work was carried out with M.R.L. Johnston's guidance. Teresa Townshend is thanked for assistance with techniques to hatch and raiseP. phoxinus.     

Effects of intermediate Ni layer on mechanical properties of Al–Cu layered composites fabricated through cold roll bonding

Layered composites have attracted considerable interest in the recent literature on metal composites. Their mechanical properties depend on the quality of the bonding provided by the intermediate layers. In this study, we analyzed the mechanical properties and bond strengths provided by the nickel layer with respect to its thickness and nature (either powder or coating). The results suggest that bond strength decreases with an increase in the content of nickel powder. At 0.3vol% of nickel coating, we found the nature of nickel to be less efficient in terms of bond strength. A different picture arose when the content of nickel was increased and the bond strength increased in nickel coated samples. In addition, the results demonstrate that mechanical properties such as bend strength are strongly dependent on bond strength.     

浅谈维吾尔语术语标准化的必要性及标准化原则

摘要 文章叙述了维吾尔语术语的历史和发展状况,通过对维吾尔语术语标准化原则的讨论,说明了维吾尔语术语的规范化工作的重要意义和方法。维吾尔语言文字是维吾尔族的重要特征之一,她与维吾尔民族文化的发展有着密切的联系。现用维吾尔文的前身就是察哈台语,我们祖先当初与阿拉伯语接触之前一直用着古代维吾尔语,随着信仰伊斯兰教,阿拉伯文的社会地位也逐渐提高了,也就自然地排除了古代维吾尔文,因而就形成以阿拉伯文字为基础的维吾尔文——察哈台语(从14世纪到20世纪30年代)。1930年以后随着新疆排版事业的发展,察哈台语也就成为维吾尔语里不是独立音位的阿拉伯语专用的字母。经过多次讨论、调查研究制定出了维吾尔语的字母,而且也增加了维吾尔语不可缺少的,使用频率很高的几个元音(按照一个元音用一个音位表达的原则)字母,其顺序也重新确定了,并在1954年4月23日前新疆省政府21次委员会议上通过。但是由于历史缘故,从1954年到1982年用的是拉丁文字母为基础的维吾尔语新文字。现用的维吾尔文于1984年1月1日重新使用。我们正处在信息时代,随着科学技术的飞速发展,新事物、新概念和新技术不断涌现,用维吾尔语准确表达、命名和使用新术语是一项重要的工作,也是一项基础性的系统工程。如果我们不重视术语标准化工作,就不可能学习、推广和普及现代科学技术,更谈不上民族的进步。术语标准化是语言文字规范化工作的重要前提和基础。因为一个民族和地区对语言文字规范化工作的重视程度主要表现在该民族语言术语标准化程度的高低,以及该地区、该民族在教育和科技等方面的发展程度。如果术语不统一、不规范,就会影响各种信息的记录、交流和传播,从而也影响经济发展和社会进步。维吾尔语名词术语的规范和统一不是简单的筛选过程,而是在充分把握术语的科学性、系统性和实践性的基础上,按照现代科学技术的主流,从维吾尔语的实际出发,科学地辨别和挑选,认真处理新词术语的科学性、系统性和通俗性的关系,母学科与子学科的交叉关系等一系列过程。维吾尔语名词术语的审定原则早在20世纪50年代自治区民族语言文字工作机构成立时就已提出。1986年,少数民族语言名词术语规范审定委员会成立时,在总结过去经验的基础上,制定了术语标准化“从实际出发,按照维吾尔语言内部规律办事,着眼于群众”的总原则。实践证明,在继续坚持这项总原则的基础上还需要制定一些具体原则和细则。语言文字是为社会和广大人民群众服务的,不从实际出发,不充分着眼于人民群众,不重视使用习惯,不按照维吾尔语的内部规律办事,将会阻碍维吾尔语的正常发展。维吾尔语的术语标准化原则从大的方面来讲可归纳为以下三点：1.挖掘：口语是文字语言的基础,也是书面语形成和发展的基础,因此,可以采用维吾尔语中固有的,可赋予新义的词汇,以及具有生命力的方言土语,和群众在日常生活中习惯使用的词汇来补充和丰富维吾尔语术语。例如：2.创制：也就是按照维吾尔语的内部规律给原有的词根加前缀或后缀来创制新词语。为了使维吾尔语的发展与社会发展要求相适应,创制新词语也是一种有效的途径,是维吾尔语不断发展的标志。例如：3.借用：指直接采用汉语及亲属民族语言词汇,以及外国语词和国际通用名词术语。世界上没有不受其他语言影响的纯而又纯的语言,维吾尔语也不例外。但是在借词问题上应注意适当的比重。实际上,社会科学术语用维吾尔语固有的基础词汇表达的多些,自然科学术语则少些。如果处理好这个问题,不但不影响该民族语言的独立性,而且还能丰富本民族的语言,这对本民族未来的发展有利而无害。由于历史的缘故,社会和地理环境等原因,各种语言相互渗透,相互影响是很自然的。维吾尔语借用术语首先要从亲属语言中借用。维吾尔语的畜牧业术语中有一部分就是从哈萨克语中借来的,当然也有其他亲属语言词汇。例如：通过音译的方法吸收汉语借词也是丰富维吾尔词汇的有效途径之一,而且有些词汇是人民群众早已习惯并在书面语中已定型的术语,一般不能轻易改动。例如：在外语借词方面,文革前后从俄语或通过俄语从其他外国语言中借的词汇较多。因为那时我们在文化、教育、科学技术、经贸等方面与苏联的来往很频繁,故一些新词术语尤其是科技术语的渗透也是不可避免的。这类外语借词往往采用音译为主的原则。例如：从20世纪80年代开始,随着世界信息技术的突飞猛进,英语的使用领域逐渐扩大,维吾尔语中从英语或通过英语从其他外国语言中吸收的术语越来越多了。在对英、俄借词方面则用符合维吾尔语音规则的音译为主的原则。这主要体现在信息科学、经贸、计算机学科等领域中。例如：对人民群众已经习惯了的术语不轻易改动,否则会造成新的混乱而不利于名词的统一。在借词问题上有一部分人过分强调保持维语的纯洁性,提出对一些术语进行修改的意见。例如：如果对以上已经习惯了的借词术语改动,就会对维吾尔语族的发展造成不利影响,而且这些词汇可以说是在维吾尔语中没有什么借词痕迹的词了。维吾尔语借用国际通用的术语时,主要遵循音译为主,意译为副的原则。维吾尔文字是拼音文字,音位系统也很完善,所以在借用国际上通用的术语时,根据维吾尔语能发音,能拼音的特点,直接借用这是一种简便的方法,而且能与原术语保持一致。总之,维吾尔语名词术语的规范审定工作开展得较晚,而且缺乏人力和必要的经费,任务繁重。十几年来,经过努力已把规范审定过的常用术语及科技术语汇编入《维吾尔语详解词典及正字法词典》、《常用名词术语汇编》。科技术语和常用术语总共规范审定了8万条。我们埋头苦干作出了一些成绩,但是要做好维吾尔语术语标准化工作不是一朝一夕的事,也不是一两个人就能做好的事,应该得到全社会的普遍重视和长期不断努力。这样才能逐步形成一个规范化、系统化、准确化的维吾尔语术语体系,才能达到术语发展与科学技术发展同步进行的最终目的。     

Evolution of several soil properties following amendment with olive mill wastewater

Occurrences of olive mill wastewater (OMW) amendment on several chemical and biochemical properties of soil were investigated. Compared to the control, soils amended with untreated and treated OMW (by an integrated process based on aerobic fungal pre-treatment using Phanerochaete chrysosporium DSMZ 6909 followed by anaerobic treatment) showed high levels of organic and mineral matters. Soil amended with untreated OMW presented low levels of total and inorganic nitrogen (0.38 and 0.08 mg g⁻¹ dry soil). Treated OMW contained little content of pollutants (COD = 4 g l⁻¹; phenolic compounds = 0.6 g l⁻¹); so, organic matter brought by these residues was rapidly mineralized in the soil. The number of heterotrophic bacteria was increased (from 54 × 10⁵ CFU g⁻¹ dry soil in control soil to 123 × 10⁵ CFU g⁻¹ dry soil) in response to the OMW amendment, mainly after C/N ratio correction. Untreated OMW application improved the soil carbon content (2.18 times higher), while the specific respiration remained very low. However, the treated OMW application positively affected the soil-specific respiration that increased from 6.1 in control soil to 9.75 in soil amended with treated OMW. This phenomenon was accompanied by an enhancement of nitrifiers number, urease and ammonium oxidases activities.     

Predicting multistage financial distress: Reflections on sampling,feature and model selection criteria

This research proposes a prediction model of multistage financial distress (MSFD) after considering contextual and methodological issues regarding sampling, feature and model selection criteria. Financial distress is defined as a three‐stage process showing different nature and intensity of financial problems. It is argued that applied definition of distress is independent of legal framework and its predictability would provide more practical solutions. The final sample is selected after industry adjustments and oversampling the data. A wrapper subset data mining approach is applied to extract the most relevant features from financial statement and stock market indicators. An ensemble approach using a combination of DTNB (decision table and naïve base hybrid model), LMT (logistic model tree) and A2DE (alternative N dependence estimator) Bayesian models is used to develop the final prediction model. The performance of all the models is evaluated using a 10‐fold cross‐validation method. Results showed that the proposed model predicted MSFD with 84.06% accuracy. This accuracy increased to 89.57% when a 33.33% cut‐off value was considered. Hence the proposed model is accurate and reliable to identify the true nature and intensity of financial problems regardless of the contextual legal framework.     

Suitable energy platform significantly improves charge separation of g-C_3N_4 for CO_2 reduction and pollutant oxidation under visible-light

The photocatalytic activities of g-C_3N_4 can be significantly improved by increasing life time of the photogenerated charges. Here, in this work we introduced TiO_2 as proper energy platform to accept the photogenerated electrons from g-C_3N_4 during photocatalysis. The nanophotocatalysts formed from the combination of a suitable amount of TiO_2 nanoparticles and g-C_3N_4 nanosheets showed 8.75 and 4.22% enhancement in photocatalytic activities for CO_2 reduction and 2-chlorophenol(2-CP) degradation under visible light illumination as compared to bare g-C_3N_4. Based on the surface photovoltage spectra, photoluminescence spectra and examination of formed hydroxyl radicals, it was confirmed that these enhanced photoactivities were attributed to the much-improved charge separation via the electron transfer from g-C_3N_4 to TiO_2. From trapping experiments,it was found that hydroxyl radicals were the major species involved in the photocatalytic degradation of 2-CP.This study is helpful to synthesize efficient photocatalysts to cope with energy and environmental issues.     

Effect of Co substitution on the structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 by sol-gel synthesis

Cobalt (Co)-doped Bi_0.9La_0.1FeO₃ multiferroics were synthesized by a sol-gel method based on the autocombustion technique. As-synthesized powder was examined using various characterization techniques to explore the effect of Co substitution on the properties of Bi_0.9La_0.1FeO₃. X-ray diffraction reveals that Co-doped Bi_0.9La_0.1FeO₃ preserves the perovskite-type rhombohedral structure of BiFeO₃, and the composition without Co preserves the original structure of the phase; however, a second-phase Bi₂Fe₄O₉ has been identified in all other compositions. Surface morphological studies were performed by scanning electron microscopy. Temperature-dependent resistivity of the samples reveals the characteristic insulating behavior of the multiferroic material. The resistivity is found to decrease with the increase both in temperature and Co content. Room temperature frequency-dependent dielectric measurements were also reported. Magnetic measurements show the enhancement in magnetization with the increase in Co content.     

Application of Quality of Experience in Networked Services: Review,Trend & Perspectives

Over the last decade, there has been an exponential growth of services over the Internet. Services such as online gaming are gaining popularity, whereas, Voice over Internet (VoIP) has been well established. Storage, management and processing of data have moved away from the devices to the cloud. Quality of experience (QoE) defined as the user’s perception of service quality is utilized in different technologies, services and products for improving end user satisfaction and provides quality of service (QoS) according to their demands. In this paper, we describe the utilization of QoE in different technologies, services and products for improving end user satisfaction. Specifically, we present the latest developments in QoE in multimedia services, network management, VoIP, web development, games and cloud computing. Finally, we discuss the current research, solutions and present open issues of future research in QoE.