A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.     

Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations

With the advent of dense maps of human genetic variation, it is now possible to detect positive natural selection across the human genome. Here we report an analysis of over 3 million polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project Phase 2 (HapMap2). We used 'long-range haplotype' methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection, and we also developed new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population. The analysis reveals more than 300 strong candidate regions. Focusing on the strongest 22 regions, we develop a heuristic for scrutinizing these regions to identify candidate targets of selection. In a complementary analysis, we identify 26 non-synonymous, coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms showing regional evidence of positive selection. Examination of these candidates highlights three cases in which two genes in a common biological process have apparently undergone positive selection in the same population:LARGE and DMD, both related to infection by the Lassa virus, in West Africa;SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, both involved in skin pigmentation, in Europe; and EDAR and EDA2R, both involved in development of hair follicles, in Asia.     

基于形态学的冷轧薄板板形识别

为了解决冷轧薄板板形识别问题,采用基于形态学的图像处理方法。利用高帽变换对板形图像进行增强,对增强后的图像进行二值化,生成缺陷图像,消除二值缺陷图像中的干扰信号,分析二值缺陷图像,判定板形的类别。给出了基于二值形态学的图像消噪算法和基于灰度形态学的图像增强算法。提出了基于高帽变换的板形识别算法和基于对比思想的板形识别算法。根据上述方法进行了板形识别系统的硬件、软件设计,实际应用表明,该方法可以有效地识别出常见的板形。     

乙二醇回流法制备NiSb纳米材料

利用乙二醇回流法,以水合肼为还原剂和螯合剂,NiCl2和SbCl3作为反应原料,控制温度在166℃下回流1h,获得了γ-NiSb纳米颗粒.产物用XRD和TEM表征,产品为六方相的纳米颗粒,大小约为40nm.通过对比实验证明了水合肼起了重要作用,并提出了一种可能的反应机理.本方法简单,方便,易于操作,可用于其它纳米材料的制备.     

连续系统单位冲激响应时域求解方法的研究

提出了连续系统单位冲激响应的3种时域求解方法:奇异函数平衡法、等效初始条件法和线性分析法。通过比较各自的特点,有助于全面掌握单位冲激响应时域求解方法。     

创新精神是镇江历史文化宝库中光芒四射的瑰宝——以"三星"、"双璧"、"二米"为例

以镇江的古今"科教三星"(祖冲之星、沈括星、茅以升星),南朝"文学双璧"(刘勰著<文心雕龙>、萧统主编<文选>),宋代"书画二米"(米芾、米友仁)为例,揭示其精神内蕴、概括其历史功绩、赞颂其高风亮节,总结出创新科技精神是镇江历史文化宝库中光芒四射的瑰宝,是镇江历史文化中最宝贵的精神财富,是镇江城3 000年连续不断的巨大动力.     

波纹管对高黏度介质的强化传热研究

通过数值模拟和实验研究考察了一种黏度较高的油类介质在波纹管内的流动和传热特性。研究发现,在本文条件下,波纹管内流动从层流发展到湍流的临界雷诺数远小于传统光滑圆管内的临界雷诺数,约在800～1000左右;波纹管在低雷诺数条件下对较高黏度的介质具有更好的强化传热效果,最大传热强化比达到6倍左右;本文拟合出的波纹管内高黏度介质强制对流时的传热准则关联式,考虑了波纹管管型及不同温度下介质物性参数的影响,经验证具有较好的精度,这为波纹管换热器的进一步工程设计和应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

蓝牙自组织无线传感器网络的研究

蓝牙无线自组织网络拓扑构成复杂且移动性强,现行的蓝牙规范并未对其拓扑构成作详细的说明。为此提出了基于蓝牙技术的自组织无线传感器网络的体系结构,阐述了系统的节点构成与硬件设计,提出了一种简单有效的网络拓扑构成算法与路由机制。实验表明,该蓝牙网络拓扑构建算法实现简单,网络拓扑创建时间为经典算法的85%,拓扑动态维护方便。     

完全4-部图的交叉数

用分情况讨论法证明了完全4-部图K_(1,1,1,n)、K_(1,1,2,n)、K_(1,1,3,n)的交叉数分别为Z(3,n)、Z(4,n) (N/2)、Z(5,n) n (N/2)(n≥1).     

正融土强度弱化特性研究的试验仪器及方法

冻土,特别是含冰透镜体的冻土解冻时,出现强度大幅度下降的弱化现象,这是季节冻土区内路基春季翻浆冒泥、地基失稳的重要原因.为探明路基土融化过程中的强度弱化机理,在此基础上制定有效的冻害预防措施,对国产土工静力三轴仪进行了一系列改造,并配以专用的冻土试样制备设备、冻土试样融化加热设备和外部保温设施,共同制成冻土解冻时的强度弱化试验仪.用该仪器进行了相关试验研究,结果表明,仪器得到的数据合理有效,该仪器设备可以在冻土学研究中推广应用.