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排序方式: 共有137条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
61.
Geology: the start of the world as we know it 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
62.
High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Isbell F Calcagno V Hector A Connolly J Harpole WS Reich PB Scherer-Lorenzen M Schmid B Tilman D van Ruijven J Weigelt A Wilsey BJ Zavaleta ES Loreau M 《Nature》2011,477(7363):199-202
Biodiversity is rapidly declining worldwide, and there is consensus that this can decrease ecosystem functioning and services. It remains unclear, though, whether few or many of the species in an ecosystem are needed to sustain the provisioning of ecosystem services. It has been hypothesized that most species would promote ecosystem services if many times, places, functions and environmental changes were considered; however, no previous study has considered all of these factors together. Here we show that 84% of the 147 grassland plant species studied in 17 biodiversity experiments promoted ecosystem functioning at least once. Different species promoted ecosystem functioning during different years, at different places, for different functions and under different environmental change scenarios. Furthermore, the species needed to provide one function during multiple years were not the same as those needed to provide multiple functions within one year. Our results indicate that even more species will be needed to maintain ecosystem functioning and services than previously suggested by studies that have either (1) considered only the number of species needed to promote one function under one set of environmental conditions, or (2) separately considered the importance of biodiversity for providing ecosystem functioning across multiple years, places, functions or environmental change scenarios. Therefore, although species may appear functionally redundant when one function is considered under one set of environmental conditions, many species are needed to maintain multiple functions at multiple times and places in a changing world. 相似文献
63.
64.
Mammalian heat shock protein families. Expression and functions. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
65.
66.
Jumaa H Bossaller L Portugal K Storch B Lotz M Flemming A Schrappe M Postila V Riikonen P Pelkonen J Niemeyer CM Reth M 《Nature》2003,423(6938):452-456
67.
Protective role of phospholipid oxidation products in endotoxin-induced tissue damage 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an outer-membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria, interacts with LPS-binding protein and CD14, which present LPS to toll-like receptor 4 (refs 1, 2), which activates inflammatory gene expression through nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) and mitogen-activated protein-kinase signalling. Antibacterial defence involves activation of neutrophils that generate reactive oxygen species capable of killing bacteria; therefore host lipid peroxidation occurs, initiated by enzymes such as NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase. Oxidized phospholipids are pro-inflammatory agonists promoting chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis; however, recent data suggest that they can inhibit expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules. Here we show that oxidized phospholipids inhibit LPS-induced but not tumour-necrosis factor-alpha-induced or interleukin-1 beta-induced NF kappa B-mediated upregulation of inflammatory genes, by blocking the interaction of LPS with LPS-binding protein and CD14. Moreover, in LPS-injected mice, oxidized phospholipids inhibited inflammation and protected mice from lethal endotoxin shock. Thus, in severe Gram-negative bacterial infection, endogenously formed oxidized phospholipids may function as a negative feedback to blunt innate immune responses. Furthermore, identified chemical structures capable of inhibiting the effects of endotoxins such as LPS could be used for the development of new drugs for treatment of sepsis. 相似文献
68.
Greenman C Stephens P Smith R Dalgliesh GL Hunter C Bignell G Davies H Teague J Butler A Stevens C Edkins S O'Meara S Vastrik I Schmidt EE Avis T Barthorpe S Bhamra G Buck G Choudhury B Clements J Cole J Dicks E Forbes S Gray K Halliday K Harrison R Hills K Hinton J Jenkinson A Jones D Menzies A Mironenko T Perry J Raine K Richardson D Shepherd R Small A Tofts C Varian J Webb T West S Widaa S Yates A Cahill DP Louis DN Goldstraw P Nicholson AG Brasseur F Looijenga L Weber BL Chiew YE DeFazio A 《Nature》2007,446(7132):153-158
Cancers arise owing to mutations in a subset of genes that confer growth advantage. The availability of the human genome sequence led us to propose that systematic resequencing of cancer genomes for mutations would lead to the discovery of many additional cancer genes. Here we report more than 1,000 somatic mutations found in 274 megabases (Mb) of DNA corresponding to the coding exons of 518 protein kinase genes in 210 diverse human cancers. There was substantial variation in the number and pattern of mutations in individual cancers reflecting different exposures, DNA repair defects and cellular origins. Most somatic mutations are likely to be 'passengers' that do not contribute to oncogenesis. However, there was evidence for 'driver' mutations contributing to the development of the cancers studied in approximately 120 genes. Systematic sequencing of cancer genomes therefore reveals the evolutionary diversity of cancers and implicates a larger repertoire of cancer genes than previously anticipated. 相似文献
69.
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has been implicated in the ongoing neurogenesis in postnatal rodent brains. Here we adopted an in vivo genetic fate-mapping strategy, using Gli1 (GLI-Kruppel family member) as a sensitive readout of Shh activity, to systematically mark and follow the fate of Shh-responding cells in the adult mouse forebrain. We show that initially, only a small population of cells (including both quiescent neural stem cells and transit-amplifying cells) responds to Shh in regions undergoing neurogenesis. This population subsequently expands markedly to continuously provide new neurons in the forebrain. Our study of the behaviour of quiescent neural stem cells provides in vivo evidence that they can self-renew for over a year and generate multiple cell types. Furthermore, we show that the neural stem cell niches in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus are established sequentially and not until late embryonic stages. 相似文献