全文获取类型
收费全文 | 422篇 |
免费 | 9篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 9篇 |
教育与普及 | 1篇 |
理论与方法论 | 5篇 |
现状及发展 | 75篇 |
研究方法 | 83篇 |
综合类 | 242篇 |
自然研究 | 19篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 1篇 |
2020年 | 4篇 |
2019年 | 2篇 |
2018年 | 4篇 |
2017年 | 4篇 |
2016年 | 8篇 |
2015年 | 9篇 |
2014年 | 10篇 |
2013年 | 10篇 |
2012年 | 25篇 |
2011年 | 53篇 |
2010年 | 12篇 |
2009年 | 12篇 |
2008年 | 33篇 |
2007年 | 26篇 |
2006年 | 38篇 |
2005年 | 32篇 |
2004年 | 31篇 |
2003年 | 19篇 |
2002年 | 31篇 |
2001年 | 10篇 |
2000年 | 17篇 |
1999年 | 6篇 |
1998年 | 1篇 |
1997年 | 1篇 |
1996年 | 1篇 |
1995年 | 1篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 1篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1991年 | 2篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 2篇 |
1959年 | 1篇 |
1947年 | 3篇 |
1946年 | 1篇 |
1945年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有434条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Tat-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes select for SIV escape variants during resolution of primary viraemia 总被引:55,自引:0,他引:55
Allen TM O'Connor DH Jing P Dzuris JL Mothé BR Vogel TU Dunphy E Liebl ME Emerson C Wilson N Kunstman KJ Wang X Allison DB Hughes AL Desrosiers RC Altman JD Wolinsky SM Sette A Watkins DI 《Nature》2000,407(6802):386-390
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections are characterized by early peaks of viraemia that decline as strong cellular immune responses develop. Although it has been shown that virus-specific CD8-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) exert selective pressure during HIV and SIV infection, the data have been controversial. Here we show that Tat-specific CD8-positive T-lymphocyte responses select for new viral escape variants during the acute phase of infection. We sequenced the entire virus immediately after the acute phase, and found that amino-acid replacements accumulated primarily in Tat CTL epitopes. This implies that Tat-specific CTLs may be significantly involved in controlling wild-type virus replication, and suggests that responses against viral proteins that are expressed early during the viral life cycle might be attractive targets for HIV vaccine development. 相似文献
42.
Substantial efforts are focused on identifying single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the human genome, particularly in coding regions (cSNPs), for both linkage disequilibrium and association studies. Less attention, however, has been directed to the clarification of evolutionary processes that are responsible for the variability in nucleotide diversity among different regions of the genome. We report here the population sequence diversity of genomic segments within a 450-kb cluster of olfactory receptor (OR) genes on human chromosome 17. We found a dichotomy in the pattern of nucleotide diversity between OR pseudogenes and introns on the one hand and the closely interspersed intact genes on the other. We suggest that weak positive selection is responsible for the observed patterns of genetic variation. This is inferred from a lower ratio of polymorphism to divergence in genes compared with pseudogenes or introns, high non-synonymous substitution rates in OR genes, and a small but significant overall reduction in variability in the entire OR gene cluster compared with other genomic regions. The dichotomy among functionally different segments within a short genomic distance requires high recombination rates within this OR cluster. Our work demonstrates the impact of weak positive selection on human nucleotide diversity, and has implications for the evolution of the olfactory repertoire. 相似文献
43.
44.
45.
46.
Astrid Musnier Domitille Heitzler Thomas Boulo Sophie Tesseraud Guillaume Durand Charlotte Lécureuil Hervé Guillou Anne Poupon Eric Reiter Pascale Crépieux 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(21):3487-3503
The mechanisms whereby G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) activate signalling pathways involved in mRNA translation are ill-defined,
in contrast to tyrosine kinase receptors (TKR). We compared a GPCR and a TKR, both endogenously expressed, for their ability
to mediate phosphorylation of 70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase p70S6K in primary rat Sertoli cells at two developmental stages.
In proliferating cells stimulated with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), active p70S6K was phosphorylated on T389 and T421/S424,
through cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA) and phosphatidyl-inositide-3 kinase (PI3K) antagonizing actions. In FSH-stimulated differentiating
cells, active p70S6K was phosphorylated solely on T389, PKA and PI3K independently enhancing its activity. At both developmental
stages, insulin-induced p70S6K regulation was consistent with reported data. Therefore, TKR and GPCR trigger distinct p70S6K
active conformations. p70S6K developmental regulation was formalized in a dynamic mathematical model fitting the data, which
led to experimentally inaccessible predictions on p70S6K phosphorylation rate. 相似文献
47.
Falcke H Apel WD Badea AF Bähren L Bekk K Bercuci A Bertaina M Biermann PL Blümer J Bozdog H Brancus IM Buitink S Brüggemann M Buchholz P Butcher H Chiavassa A Daumiller K de Bruyn AG de Vos CM Di Pierro F Doll P Engel R Gemmeke H Ghia PL Glasstetter R Grupen C Haungs A Heck D Hörandel JR Horneffer A Huege T Kampert KH Kant GW Klein U Kolotaev Y Koopman Y Krömer O Kuijpers J Lafebre S Maier G Mathes HJ Mayer HJ Milke J Mitrica B Morello C Navarra G Nehls S Nigl A Obenland R Oehlschläger J 《Nature》2005,435(7040):313-316
The nature of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) at energies >10(20) eV remains a mystery. They are likely to be of extragalactic origin, but should be absorbed within approximately 50 Mpc through interactions with the cosmic microwave background. As there are no sufficiently powerful accelerators within this distance from the Galaxy, explanations for UHECRs range from unusual astrophysical sources to exotic string physics. Also unclear is whether UHECRs consist of protons, heavy nuclei, neutrinos or gamma-rays. To resolve these questions, larger detectors with higher duty cycles and which combine multiple detection techniques are needed. Radio emission from UHECRs, on the other hand, is unaffected by attenuation, has a high duty cycle, gives calorimetric measurements and provides high directional accuracy. Here we report the detection of radio flashes from cosmic-ray air showers using low-cost digital radio receivers. We show that the radiation can be understood in terms of the geosynchrotron effect. Our results show that it should be possible to determine the nature and composition of UHECRs with combined radio and particle detectors, and to detect the ultrahigh-energy neutrinos expected from flavour mixing. 相似文献
48.
A striking feature of the body plan of a majority of animals is bilateral symmetry. Almost nothing is known about the mechanisms controlling the symmetrical arrangement of the left and right body sides during development. Here we report that blocking the production of retinoic acid (RA) in chicken embryos leads to a desynchronization of somite formation between the two embryonic sides, demonstrated by a shortened left segmented region. This defect is linked to a loss of coordination of the segmentation clock oscillations. The lateralization of this defect led us to investigate the relation between somitogenesis and the left-right asymmetry machinery in RA-deficient embryos. Reversal of the situs in chick or mouse embryos lacking RA results in a reversal of the somitogenesis laterality defect. Our data indicate that RA is important in buffering the lateralizing influence of the left-right machinery, thus permitting synchronization of the development of the two embryonic sides. 相似文献
49.
Kurth WS Gurnett DA Clarke JT Zarka P Desch MD Kaiser ML Cecconi B Lecacheux A Farrell WM Galopeau P Gérard JC Grodent D Prangé R Dougherty MK Crary FJ 《Nature》2005,433(7027):722-725
Saturn is a source of intense kilometre-wavelength radio emissions that are believed to be associated with its polar aurorae, and which provide an important remote diagnostic of its magnetospheric activity. Previous observations implied that the radio emission originated in the polar regions, and indicated a strong correlation with solar wind dynamic pressure. The radio source also appeared to be fixed near local noon and at the latitude of the ultraviolet aurora. There have, however, been no observations relating the radio emissions to detailed auroral structures. Here we report measurements of the radio emissions, which, along with high-resolution images of Saturn's ultraviolet auroral emissions, suggest that although there are differences in the global morphology of the aurorae, Saturn's radio emissions exhibit an Earth-like correspondence between bright auroral features and the radio emissions. This demonstrates the universality of the mechanism that results in emissions near the electron cyclotron frequency narrowly beamed at large angles to the magnetic field. 相似文献
50.