太白山4种药用地衣抑菌活性研究

研究太白山4种重要药用地衣的抑菌活性。采用7种肠道致病菌对4种地衣的不同溶剂提取物进行抑菌活性筛选,并对其抑菌活性部位进行LC-MS鉴定。4种地衣甲醇提取物均对肺炎克雷伯氏菌抑制作用较强;金刷把、黑石耳甲醇提取物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌抑制作用较强。地衣酸是4种地衣的主要抑菌活性部位。4种地衣的甲醇提取物抑制活性最强,发挥抑菌活性的主要成分为地衣酸类。该研究为太白山地衣类草药资源开发提供资料。     

通用航空FBO发展的思考

通过阐述FBO的相关概念和运营模式,以及分析全球特别是美国FBO的发展与经验借鉴,对我国FBO的发展提供了理论依据。分析表明,目前我国FBO的发展尚处在起步阶段,运营管理和服务水平与通航发达国家有较大差距。要发展FBO,除了借鉴通航发达国家FBO成功经验外,应充分结合我国实际,创新投资建设模式和经营管理方式。     

柞蚕微孢子虫长极丝型孢子总蛋白的鉴定及功能分析

柞蚕(Antheraea pernyi Guerin-Meneville)是中国北方重要的吐丝经济昆虫,柞蚕微孢子虫(Nosema antheraeae)引起的柞蚕微粒子病是柞蚕产业毁灭性的病害。本研究采用梯度Percoll-NaCl溶液分离纯化柞蚕微孢子虫,提取柞蚕微孢子虫总蛋白,胰蛋白酶消化,然后通过LC-MS/MS精确获得各肽段分子量,经数据库比对后共鉴定到610个蛋白。对鉴定到的蛋白质进行GO蛋白质功能分析,发现孢子时期参与大分子复合物及结构分子活性的蛋白的较多,而参与细胞催化和绑定功能、细胞过程及代谢过程的表达蛋白的所占的比例明显低于预测基因的的比例。研究认为这一结果主要与孢子期的微孢子虫脱离宿主细胞,生理不活跃,处于相对静止的时期,没有能量和物质来源有关;微孢子虫通过降低细胞活动和物质代谢,从而适应所处的环境。
     

基于无速度传感器的直接转矩控制系统优化

针对传统异步电机直接转矩控制系统在低速运行状态下存在磁链轨迹发生波动、转矩脉动大的问题,提出一种新型异步电机直接转矩控制策略。采用滑模控制和空间矢量脉宽调制技术(SVPWM: Space Voltage Pwlse-Width Modulation), 引入滑模控制器, 以提高系统对参数变化和外界干扰的鲁棒性。利用空间电压矢量脉宽调制技术产生系统所需要的任意期望空间电压矢量, 使磁链轨迹更趋近于圆形, 即降低了转矩和磁链脉动,又增强了系统的鲁棒性。同时引入无速度传感器技术, 以提高系统工程应用性。通过在Matlab/ Simulink软件仿真结果表明, 新型直接转矩控制系统改善了磁链轨迹波动并有效地降低了转矩脉动, 使转速估计具有较高精度。     

Silicon in the Earth's core

Small isotopic differences between the silicate minerals in planets may have developed as a result of processes associated with core formation, or from evaporative losses during accretion as the planets were built up. Basalts from the Earth and the Moon do indeed appear to have iron isotopic compositions that are slightly heavy relative to those from Mars, Vesta and primitive undifferentiated meteorites (chondrites). Explanations for these differences have included evaporation during the 'giant impact' that created the Moon (when a Mars-sized body collided with the young Earth). However, lithium and magnesium, lighter elements with comparable volatility, reveal no such differences, rendering evaporation unlikely as an explanation. Here we show that the silicon isotopic compositions of basaltic rocks from the Earth and the Moon are also distinctly heavy. A likely cause is that silicon is one of the light elements in the Earth's core. We show that both the direction and magnitude of the silicon isotopic effect are in accord with current theory based on the stiffness of bonding in metal and silicate. The similar isotopic composition of the bulk silicate Earth and the Moon is consistent with the recent proposal that there was large-scale isotopic equilibration during the giant impact. We conclude that Si was already incorporated as a light element in the Earth's core before the Moon formed.     

Sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer

Evolutionary theory predicts the depletion of genetic variation in natural populations as a result of the effects of selection, but genetic variation is nevertheless abundant for many traits that are under directional or stabilizing selection. Evolutionary geneticists commonly try to explain this paradox with mechanisms that lead to a balance between mutation and selection. However, theoretical predictions of equilibrium genetic variance under mutation-selection balance are usually lower than the observed values, and the reason for this is unknown. The potential role of sexually antagonistic selection in maintaining genetic variation has received little attention in this debate, surprisingly given its potential ubiquity in dioecious organisms. At fitness-related loci, a given genotype may be selected in opposite directions in the two sexes. Such sexually antagonistic selection will reduce the otherwise-expected positive genetic correlation between male and female fitness. Both theory and experimental data suggest that males and females of the same species may have divergent genetic optima, but supporting data from wild populations are still scarce. Here we present evidence for sexually antagonistic fitness variation in a natural population, using data from a long-term study of red deer (Cervus elaphus). We show that male red deer with relatively high fitness fathered, on average, daughters with relatively low fitness. This was due to a negative genetic correlation between estimates of fitness in males and females. In particular, we show that selection favours males that carry low breeding values for female fitness. Our results demonstrate that sexually antagonistic selection can lead to a trade-off between the optimal genotypes for males and females; this mechanism will have profound effects on the operation of selection and the maintenance of genetic variation in natural populations.     

Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations

With the advent of dense maps of human genetic variation, it is now possible to detect positive natural selection across the human genome. Here we report an analysis of over 3 million polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project Phase 2 (HapMap2). We used 'long-range haplotype' methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection, and we also developed new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population. The analysis reveals more than 300 strong candidate regions. Focusing on the strongest 22 regions, we develop a heuristic for scrutinizing these regions to identify candidate targets of selection. In a complementary analysis, we identify 26 non-synonymous, coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms showing regional evidence of positive selection. Examination of these candidates highlights three cases in which two genes in a common biological process have apparently undergone positive selection in the same population:LARGE and DMD, both related to infection by the Lassa virus, in West Africa;SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, both involved in skin pigmentation, in Europe; and EDAR and EDA2R, both involved in development of hair follicles, in Asia.