A genome-wide association study for celiac disease identifies risk variants in the region harboring IL2 and IL21

We tested 310,605 SNPs for association in 778 individuals with celiac disease and 1,422 controls. Outside the HLA region, the most significant finding (rs13119723; P = 2.0 x 10(-7)) was in the KIAA1109-TENR-IL2-IL21 linkage disequilibrium block. We independently confirmed association in two further collections (strongest association at rs6822844, 24 kb 5' of IL21; meta-analysis P = 1.3 x 10(-14), odds ratio = 0.63), suggesting that genetic variation in this region predisposes to celiac disease.     

The human genome and understanding of common disease: present and future technologies

The study of candidate genes over the past three decades has yielded notable successes in common-disease genetics. During this time, however, interpretation of genetic association studies has been hampered by the use of clinical cohorts of inadequate power and insufficient information on genetic variation in candidate genes. The unavailability of highthroughput and low-cost genotyping technologies has also limited the scope of complex-disease genetic studies. More recently, however, the sequencing and characterization of variation within the human genome has revolutionized genetic studies and enabled full genome-wide scans for genes associated with disease. The identification of disease-associated (causative) genes has illuminated disease mechanisms. The translation of this knowledge into direct clinical benefit in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy for an individual’s disease still remains a challenge. Received 11 September 2006; received after revision 17 December 2006; accepted 18 January 2007     

Genetic studies of diseases

Pancreatitis is usually inflammation of the pancreas without infection. Our understanding of pancreatitis has been built on autopsy studies, surgical biopsies and surrogate markers of inflammation and fibroses, including abdominal imaging techniques and pancreatic functional studies. However, the discovery that a number of different environmental factors and various genetic abnormalities are seen in patients with similar appearing pancreatitis phenotypes teaches us that end-stage pathology is not the disorder. Understanding complex associations and interactions requires that the components and their interactions be organized, stratified and functionally defined. Systems biology, in the broad sense, provides the approach and tools to define the complex mechanisms driving pathology. As the mathematics behind these pathways and mechanisms are defined and calibrated, the potential pathology of patients with early signs of disease can be predicted, and a number of patient-specific targets for intervention can be defined.     

范德华力：生物学家、化学家、工程师和物理学家手册

分子间的范德华力是十分微弱的，但可以说普遍的存在着，在很多体系中起着巨大的作用，在物理学、化学、生物学等学科中得到了广泛的研究。但怎样计算范德华力？如何考虑各种条件对范德华力的影响？     

Cardiovascular development: towards biomedical applicability

Advances in our understanding of cardiac development have fuelled research into cellular approaches to myocardial repair of the damaged heart. In this collection of reviews we present recent advances into the basic mechanisms of heart development and the resident and non-resident progenitor cell populations that are currently being investigated as potential mediators of cardiac repair. Together these reviews illustrate that despite our current knowledge about how the heart is constructed, caution and much more research in this exciting field is essential. The current momentum to evaluate the potential for cardiac repair will in turn accelerate research into fundamental aspects of myocardial biology.     

Die Wirkung von synthetischen Antihistaminkörpern auf die Senfölchemosis am Kaninchenauge

Summary Intravenous or subcutaneous administration of pyribenzamine and other antihistaminics is able to decrease, and to delay the appearance of chemosis produced by mustard oils in the eye of the rabbit. Simultaneously occurring vascular reactions, on the other hand, are but slightly affected by antihistaminics. Intravenous or subcutaneous administration of rutin has no clear-cut effect on chemosis; it is however able to inhibit the vascular reaction.