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181.
本文针对当前宽带城域网的主流技术进行对照分析,设计出一个既能适应竞争形式需要、又能最大限度利用现有电信资源的宽带IP城域网,给出其整体设计原则和网络构架. 相似文献
182.
Campana S Mangano V Blustin AJ Brown P Burrows DN Chincarini G Cummings JR Cusumano G Della Valle M Malesani D Mészáros P Nousek JA Page M Sakamoto T Waxman E Zhang B Dai ZG Gehrels N Immler S Marshall FE Mason KO Moretti A O'Brien PT Osborne JP Page KL Romano P Roming PW Tagliaferri G Cominsky LR Giommi P Godet O Kennea JA Krimm H Angelini L Barthelmy SD Boyd PT Palmer DM Wells AA White NE 《Nature》2006,442(7106):1008-1010
Although the link between long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and supernovae has been established, hitherto there have been no observations of the beginning of a supernova explosion and its intimate link to a GRB. In particular, we do not know how the jet that defines a gamma-ray burst emerges from the star's surface, nor how a GRB progenitor explodes. Here we report observations of the relatively nearby GRB 060218 (ref. 5) and its connection to supernova SN 2006aj (ref. 6). In addition to the classical non-thermal emission, GRB 060218 shows a thermal component in its X-ray spectrum, which cools and shifts into the optical/ultraviolet band as time passes. We interpret these features as arising from the break-out of a shock wave driven by a mildly relativistic shell into the dense wind surrounding the progenitor. We have caught a supernova in the act of exploding, directly observing the shock break-out, which indicates that the GRB progenitor was a Wolf-Rayet star. 相似文献
183.
Batesian mimicry--resemblance of a toxic model by an edible mimic--depends on deceiving predators. Mimetic advantage is considered to be dependent on frequency because an increase in mimic abundance leads to breakdown of the warning signal. Where multiple toxic species are available, batesian polymorphism is predicted--that is, mimics diversify to match sympatric models. Despite the prevalence of batesian mimicry in nature, batesian polymorphism is relatively rare. Here we explore a poison-frog mimicry complex comprising two parapatric models and a geographically dimorphic mimic that shows monomorphism where models co-occur. Contrary to classical predictions, our toxicity assays, field observations and spectral reflectances show that mimics resemble the less-toxic and less-abundant model. We examine "stimulus generalization" as a mechanism for this non-intuitive result with learning experiments using naive avian predators and live poison frogs. We find that predators differ in avoidance generalization depending on toxicity of the model, conferring greater protection to mimics resembling the less-toxic model owing to overlap of generalized avoidance curves. Our work supports a mechanism of toxicity-dependent stimulus generalization, revealing an additional solution for batesian mimicry where multiple models coexist. 相似文献
184.
Wang J Soisson SM Young K Shoop W Kodali S Galgoci A Painter R Parthasarathy G Tang YS Cummings R Ha S Dorso K Motyl M Jayasuriya H Ondeyka J Herath K Zhang C Hernandez L Allocco J Basilio A Tormo JR Genilloud O Vicente F Pelaez F Colwell L Lee SH Michael B Felcetto T Gill C Silver LL Hermes JD Bartizal K Barrett J Schmatz D Becker JW Cully D Singh SB 《Nature》2006,441(7091):358-361
Bacterial infection remains a serious threat to human lives because of emerging resistance to existing antibiotics. Although the scientific community has avidly pursued the discovery of new antibiotics that interact with new targets, these efforts have met with limited success since the early 1960s. Here we report the discovery of platensimycin, a previously unknown class of antibiotics produced by Streptomyces platensis. Platensimycin demonstrates strong, broad-spectrum Gram-positive antibacterial activity by selectively inhibiting cellular lipid biosynthesis. We show that this anti-bacterial effect is exerted through the selective targeting of beta-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase I/II (FabF/B) in the synthetic pathway of fatty acids. Direct binding assays show that platensimycin interacts specifically with the acyl-enzyme intermediate of the target protein, and X-ray crystallographic studies reveal that a specific conformational change that occurs on acylation must take place before the inhibitor can bind. Treatment with platensimycin eradicates Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. Because of its unique mode of action, platensimycin shows no cross-resistance to other key antibiotic-resistant strains tested, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Platensimycin is the most potent inhibitor reported for the FabF/B condensing enzymes, and is the only inhibitor of these targets that shows broad-spectrum activity, in vivo efficacy and no observed toxicity. 相似文献
185.