中国五加科羽叶参属和五加属的新组合和新异名

在编写《Flora of China》五加科英文版时，查阅了当今国内、外的主要植物标本室中的馆藏标本，包拈五加科的模式、副模式及其他的大量标本，笔者得到一些新的认识和发现。在此主要报道羽叶参属和五加属中新修订的一些分类群，其中有1个新组合Penta panax longipes Shang et C．F．Ji；1个新的等级Eleuthero—coccus leucorrhizus var．setchuenensis（Harms）Shang＆J．Y．Huang;1个新变种E．trifoliatus var．inte—gerrimus Shang＆P．Lowry。另外还对20个植物名称进行了分类讨论，将它们分别置于正确的种名之下，作为异名处理。     

Nonlinear interactions between gravity waves and background winds

Using the nonlinear propagating gravity waves (GW) model in the two-dimensional compressible atmosphere and the linear GW theory, the process of GW propagation in different background winds, e.g. the direction of the background wind is opposite to (dead wind) or the same as (tail wind) the direction of the horizontal phase velocity of GW, is studied. The results show that the dead wind prolongs the vertical wavelength and accelerates GW propagation. Therefore, GW propagates up to a higher height becomes instable in a short time and eventually induces an inverse jet flow. Then, the vertical wavelength is becoming short due to the nonlinear interactions between GW and the inverse jet flow. The vertical wavelength and group velocity decrease after GW propagates into the tail wind. The initial instable time is delayed. Although most of GW is trapped in the instable region, some of GW propagates above the instable region. Compared with GW propagation in the tail wind, the nonlinear interactions between GW and the dead wind are also strong. In contrast, the linear GW theory predicts that GW can propagate freely in the dead wind. The vertical wavelength simulated by the nonlinear numerical model is different from that predicted by the linear theory greatly after GW propagates into the dead wind.     

Comparing the biological coherence of network clusters identified by different detection algorithms

Protein-protein interaction networks serve to carry out basic molecular activity in the cell. Detecting the modular structures from the protein-protein interaction network is important for understanding the organization, function and dynamics of a biological system. In order to identify functional neighbor- hoods based on network topology, many network cluster identification algorithms have been devel- oped. However, each algorithm might dissect a network from a different aspect and may provide dif- ferent insight on the network partition. In order to objectively evaluate the performance of four com- monly used cluster detection algorithms: molecular complex detection (MCODE), NetworkBlast, shortest-distance clustering (SDC) and Girvan-Newman (G-N) algorithm, we compared the biological coherence of the network clusters found by these algorithms through a uniform evaluation framework. Each algorithm was utilized to find network clusters in two different protein-protein interaction net- works with various parameters. Comparison of the resulting network clusters indicates that clusters found by MCODE and SDC are of higher biological coherence than those by NetworkBlast and G-N algorithm.     

Phylogenetic position of sponges in early metazoan evolution and bionic applications of siliceous sponge spicules

Sponges are the oldest and the simplest but not primitive multicellular animals. They represent the earliest evolutionary metazoan phylum still extant. It was a long and painful scientific process to posi-tion the most enigmatic and mysterious metazoan,the Porifera,into their correct phylogenetic place among the eukaryotes in general and multicellular animals in particular. As living fossils,sponges provide the best evidence for the early evolution of Metazoa. More recently,interest has been focused on the bionic applications of sponges' siliceous spicules,after the discovery of their unique structure and high fiber performance. In this review,the emergence of sponges,evolutionary novelties found in sponges,and the phylogenetic position of sponges in early metazoan evolution are highlighted. In ad-dition,the present state of knowledge on silicatein-mediated "biosilica" formation in marine sponges,including the involvement of other molecules in silica metabolism and their potential application in nanobiotechnology and medicine,is given.     

Selective Smoothed Finite Element Method

The paper examines three selective schemes for the smoothed finite element method (SFEM) which was formulated by incorporating a cell-wise strain smoothing operation into the standard compatible finite element method (FEM). These selective SFEM schemes were formulated based on three selective integration FEM schemes with similar properties found between the number of smoothing cells in the SFEM and the number of Gaussian integration points in the FEM. Both scheme 1 and scheme 2 are free of nearly incompressible locking, but scheme 2 is more general and gives better results than scheme 1. In addition, scheme 2 can be applied to anisotropic and nonlinear situations, while scheme 1 can only be applied to isotropic and linear situations. Scheme 3 is free of shear locking. This scheme can be applied to plate and shell problems. Results of the numerical study show that the selective SFEM schemes give more accurate results than the FEM schemes.     

BEM Analysis of Wave Propagation in a Water-Filled Borehole in an Anisotropic Solid

This paper describes a time-domain boundary element method developed to analyze the interactions of acoustic and elastic waves near the interfaces between water and an anisotropic elastic solid. Two models are analyzed with one being the interface between two half spaces of fluid and solid and the other being a fluid region sandwiched by half space domains of anisotropic elastic solids. Both monopole and dipole point sources are used to generate an initial pressure wave in the fluid. Some snapshots of the transient wave behavior near the fluid-solid interfaces are given. The effect of the anisotropy in the solid on the pressure waveforms in the fluid is discussed. The numerical results allow detailed arrival identification and interpretation of acoustic and elastic waves propagating along the fluid-solid interfaces.     

长程相互作用XY自旋系统中纠缠波包的动力学产生

研究了在具有1/r²衰减长程相互作用的XY自旋系统中产生两个遥远自旋纠缠的动力学机制. 由于在这种模型中, 自旋波磁子可以具有线性的色散关系ε(k)~|k|, 在动力学演化的过程中, 一个局域的自旋态可以被劈裂成两个纠缠的局域波包, 并且这两个波包在运动的过程中各自保持他们的形状不变. 值得注意的是, 在经过一个较短的周期τ = Nπ/J的演化之后, 当这两个波包在圆环直径的另一端相遇的时候, 初始时刻局域的自旋态可以完全回复. 另外, 对总格点数多达上千的环状系统进行了数值模拟, 验证了耦合强度的截断近似对精确解析结果的影响. 数值结果表明, 与自旋系统的尺度相比, 即使自旋耦合区域已经被截断到一个很小的范围内, 上述结论仍然成立.     

Towards Disaggregate Dynamic Travel Forecasting Models

The authors argue that travel forecasting models should be dynamic and disaggregate in their representation of demand, supply, and supply-demand interactions, and propose a framework for such models. The proposed framework consists of disaggregate activity-based representation of travel choices of individual motorists on the demand side integrated with disaggregate dynamic modeling of network performance, through vehicle-based traffic simulation models on the supply side. The demand model generates individual members of the population and assigns to them socioeconomic characteristics. The generated motorists maintain these characteristics when they are loaded on the network by the supply model. In an equilibrium setting, the framework lends itself to a fixed-point formulation to represent and resolve demand-supply interactions. The paper discusses some of the remaining development challenges and presents an example of an existing travel forecasting model system that incorporates many of the proposed elements.