珠江流域区域干旱风险评估*

利用珠江流域42个气象站点1951-2011年的月降水与气温数据,计算了3个月尺度的标准化降水蒸散发指数,采用旋转经验正交函数时空分解方法,将珠江流域划分成了5个干旱变化特征均质性区域。并根据游程理论选取历时和强度2个特征变量,基于多变量区域频率分析的方法对珠江流域的干旱风险进行了评估。广义正态分布和皮尔逊三型分布分别优选为不同分区的干旱历时边缘分布,广义帕雷托分布优选为干旱强度边缘分布,区域copula函数则分别为Clayton和Arch13 copula。从区域的角度,贺江、桂江、左江和右江流域地区遭遇的干旱风险较大,应视为珠江流域的重点干旱风险区。而从行政管理的角度,广西为干旱风险管理的重点省份。     

猪场废水厌氧消化液好氧后处理过程亚硝化/硝化调控因素研究

采用序批式反应器（SBR）进行猪场废水厌氧消化液好氧后处理,研究后处理过程中亚硝化／硝化调控因素．在厌氧消化液中配入原水比例10％-30％（V／V）的试验中,配水比例越低,反应体系pH值越低,出水氨氮浓度越高,亚硝化率也越高．在曝气量100L／h-260L/h的条件下,曝气量越大,出水氨氮浓度越低,亚硝化率也越低．一个运行周期的监测数据反映出：曝气结束时氨氮浓度和溶解氧是影响硝化进程的主要因素．只要将曝气控制在氨氮刚好氧化完全时停止,即使大的曝气量也能达到高的亚硝化率（87％以上）,用硝化过程动力学常数能很好解释这种现象．在进水氨氮浓度524937mg／L范围内,进水氨氮浓度越高,出水氨氮浓度越高,但是亚硝化率平均值都在75％左右,说明进水NH3-N浓度对亚硝化率没有影响．试验结果表明：通过调控出水氨氮浓度和溶解氧可以将硝化进程控制在亚硝化阶段．     

UNC-6/netrin and its receptor UNC-5 locally exclude presynaptic components from dendrites

Polarity is an essential feature of many cell types, including neurons that receive information from local inputs within their dendrites and propagate nerve impulses to distant targets through a single axon. It is generally believed that intrinsic structural differences between axons and dendrites dictate the polarized localization of axonal and dendritic proteins. However, whether extracellular cues also instruct this process in vivo has not been explored. Here we show that the axon guidance cue UNC-6/netrin and its receptor UNC-5 act throughout development to exclude synaptic vesicle and active zone proteins from the dendrite of the Caenorhabditis elegans motor neuron DA9, which is proximal to a source of UNC-6/netrin. In unc-6/netrin and unc-5 loss-of-function mutants, presynaptic components mislocalize to the DA9 dendrite. In addition, ectopically expressed UNC-6/netrin, acting through UNC-5, is sufficient to exclude endogenous synapses from adjacent subcellular domains within the DA9 axon. Furthermore, this anti-synaptogenic activity is interchangeable with that of LIN-44/Wnt despite being transduced through different receptors, suggesting that extracellular cues such as netrin and Wnts not only guide axon navigation but also regulate the polarized accumulation of presynaptic components through local exclusion.     

The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing

The association of genetic variation with disease and drug response, and improvements in nucleic acid technologies, have given great optimism for the impact of 'genomic medicine'. However, the formidable size of the diploid human genome, approximately 6 gigabases, has prevented the routine application of sequencing methods to deciphering complete individual human genomes. To realize the full potential of genomics for human health, this limitation must be overcome. Here we report the DNA sequence of a diploid genome of a single individual, James D. Watson, sequenced to 7.4-fold redundancy in two months using massively parallel sequencing in picolitre-size reaction vessels. This sequence was completed in two months at approximately one-hundredth of the cost of traditional capillary electrophoresis methods. Comparison of the sequence to the reference genome led to the identification of 3.3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, of which 10,654 cause amino-acid substitution within the coding sequence. In addition, we accurately identified small-scale (2-40,000 base pair (bp)) insertion and deletion polymorphism as well as copy number variation resulting in the large-scale gain and loss of chromosomal segments ranging from 26,000 to 1.5 million base pairs. Overall, these results agree well with recent results of sequencing of a single individual by traditional methods. However, in addition to being faster and significantly less expensive, this sequencing technology avoids the arbitrary loss of genomic sequences inherent in random shotgun sequencing by bacterial cloning because it amplifies DNA in a cell-free system. As a result, we further demonstrate the acquisition of novel human sequence, including novel genes not previously identified by traditional genomic sequencing. This is the first genome sequenced by next-generation technologies. Therefore it is a pilot for the future challenges of 'personalized genome sequencing'.     

Current status and technology development tendency of research reactors in China

The current status and development history of domestic and abroad research reactors （RRs） are mentioned. The representative RRs and their respective technology characteristics are introduced. The utilizations of China＇ s RRs, mainly included as nuclear engineering technology, basic research applications of nuclear technology, teaching and personnel training, are explained.     

Low-cost preparation of mesoporous silica with high pore volume

Mesoporous silica materials with high pore volume were successfully prepared by the chemical precipitation method, with water glass and a biodegradable nonionic surfactant polyethylene glycol (PEG). The obtained materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo gravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the changes of the pore parameters depended on both the surfactant content and heat treatment temperature. When the content of PEG was 10wt% and the obtained PEG/SiO₂ composite was heated at 600℃, the mesoporous silica with a pore volume of 2.2 cma/g, a BET specific surface area of 361.55 m2/g, and a diameter of 2-4 μm could be obtained. The obtained mesoporous silica materials have potential applications in the fields of paint and plastic, as thickening, reinforcing, and flatting agents.     

Influence of secondary carbide precipitation and transformation on abrasion resistance of a 3Cr15Mo1V1.5 white iron

The relationship between the secondary carbide precipitation and transformation of the 3Cr15Mo1V1.5 white iron and abrasion resistance was investigated by using optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the properties of secondary carbides precipitated at holding stage play an important role in the abrasion resistance. After certain holding time at 833 K subcritical treatment, the grainy (Fe, Cr)₂₃C₆ carbide precipitated and the fresh martensite transformed at the holding stage for 3Cr15Mo1V1.5 white iron improve the bulk hardness and abrasion resistance of the alloy. Prolonging holding time, MoC and (Cr, V)₂C precipitations cause the secondary hardening peak and the corresponding better abrasion resistance. Finally, granular (Fe, Cr)₂₃C₆ carbide in situ transforms into laminar M₃C carbide and the matrix structure transforms into pearlitic matrix. These changes weaken hardness and abrasion resistance of the alloy sharply.     

对单位冲激函数及其响应的讨论

本文通过单位斜坡函数的演变来理解单位冲激函数的数学基础。通过ＲＣ 一阶电路在恒定电流作用下的零状态响应与冲激电流源作用下,ＲＣ一阶电路的响应比较,得出单位冲激响应其实质是零输入响应。