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Reduced K-means (RKM) and Factorial K-means (FKM) are two data reduction techniques incorporating principal component analysis and K-means into a unified methodology to obtain a reduced set of components for variables and an optimal partition for objects.
RKM finds clusters in a reduced space by maximizing the between-clusters deviance without imposing any condition on the within-clusters
deviance, so that clusters are isolated but they might be heterogeneous. On the other hand, FKM identifies clusters in a reduced
space by minimizing the within-clusters deviance without imposing any condition on the between-clusters deviance. Thus, clusters
are homogeneous, but they might not be isolated. The two techniques give different results because the total deviance in the
reduced space for the two methodologies is not constant; hence the minimization of the within-clusters deviance is not equivalent
to the maximization of the between-clusters deviance. In this paper a modification of the two techniques is introduced to
avoid the afore mentioned weaknesses. It is shown that the two modified methods give the same results, thus merging RKM and
FKM into a new methodology. It is called Factor Discriminant K-means (FDKM), because it combines Linear Discriminant Analysis and K-means. The paper examines several theoretical properties of FDKM and its performances with a simulation study. An application
on real-world data is presented to show the features of FDKM. 相似文献
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R Sanchis-Ojeda DC Fabrycky JN Winn T Barclay BD Clarke EB Ford JJ Fortney JC Geary MJ Holman AW Howard JM Jenkins D Koch JJ Lissauer GW Marcy F Mullally D Ragozzine SE Seader M Still SE Thompson 《Nature》2012,487(7408):449-453
The Sun's equator and the planets' orbital planes are nearly aligned, which is presumably a consequence of their formation from a single spinning gaseous disk. For exoplanetary systems this well-aligned configuration is not guaranteed: dynamical interactions may tilt planetary orbits, or stars may be misaligned with the protoplanetary disk through chaotic accretion , magnetic interactions or torques from neighbouring stars. Indeed, isolated 'hot Jupiters' are often misaligned and even orbiting retrograde. Here we report an analysis of transits of planets over starspots on the Sun-like star Kepler-30 (ref. 8), and show that the orbits of its three planets are aligned with the stellar equator. Furthermore, the orbits are aligned with one another to within a few degrees. This configuration is similar to that of our Solar System, and contrasts with the isolated hot Jupiters. The orderly alignment seen in the Kepler-30 system suggests that high obliquities are confined to systems that experienced disruptive dynamical interactions. Should this be corroborated by observations of other coplanar multi-planet systems, then star-disk misalignments would be ruled out as the explanation for the high obliquities of hot Jupiters, and dynamical interactions would be implicated as the origin of hot Jupiters. 相似文献
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Schmeisser MJ Ey E Wegener S Bockmann J Stempel AV Kuebler A Janssen AL Udvardi PT Shiban E Spilker C Balschun D Skryabin BV Dieck St Smalla KH Montag D Leblond CS Faure P Torquet N Le Sourd AM Toro R Grabrucker AM Shoichet SA Schmitz D Kreutz MR Bourgeron T Gundelfinger ED Boeckers TM 《Nature》2012,486(7402):256-260
Autism spectrum disorders comprise a range of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and by repetitive behaviour. Mutations in synaptic proteins such as neuroligins, neurexins, GKAPs/SAPAPs and ProSAPs/Shanks were identified in patients with autism spectrum disorder, but the causative mechanisms remain largely unknown. ProSAPs/Shanks build large homo- and heteromeric protein complexes at excitatory synapses and organize the complex protein machinery of the postsynaptic density in a laminar fashion. Here we demonstrate that genetic deletion of ProSAP1/Shank2 results in an early, brain-region-specific upregulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors at the synapse and increased levels of ProSAP2/Shank3. Moreover, ProSAP1/Shank2(-/-) mutants exhibit fewer dendritic spines and show reduced basal synaptic transmission, a reduced frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents and enhanced N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated excitatory currents at the physiological level. Mutants are extremely hyperactive and display profound autistic-like behavioural alterations including repetitive grooming as well as abnormalities in vocal and social behaviours. By comparing the data on ProSAP1/Shank2(-/-) mutants with ProSAP2/Shank3αβ(-/-) mice, we show that different abnormalities in synaptic glutamate receptor expression can cause alterations in social interactions and communication. Accordingly, we propose that appropriate therapies for autism spectrum disorders are to be carefully matched to the underlying synaptopathic phenotype. 相似文献
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Pedro R. Bartholomay Kevin A. Williams Roberto A. Cambra Marcio L. Oliveira 《Journal of Natural History》2019,53(43-44):2639-2683
ABSTRACTTraumatomutilla duplicata duplicata (Gerstaecker, 1874), T. duplicata feia Casal, 1969, T. bruchi André, 1908, T. cristata (Gerstaecker, 1874), T. aterrima (Gerstaecker, 1874) and T. lorena (Cresson, 1902) are proposed as junior synonyms of Traumatomutilla bivittata (Gerstaecker, 1874). Traumatomutilla immaculiceps André, 1901, T. bivittata rubroguttata André, 1901 and T. estrella (Cresson, 1902) are proposed as junior synonyms of T. juvenilis (Gerstaecker, 1874). Traumatomutilla bispiculata (André, 1907) is proposed as a junior synonym of T. miniata (Gerstaecker, 1874). The previously unknown males of T. guarata Casal, 1969 and T. juvenilis are described and illustrated. All species of the T. juvenilis species group are redescribed and illustrated. A new species, Traumatomutilla juvenindica Bartholomay & Williams sp. nov., is described based on males and females from northern South America. Additionally, identification keys to the species and known colour forms of the T. juvenilis species group are provided.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3563B9EE-A45B-4939-8436-7A808D4F8996 相似文献
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Bentley DR Balasubramanian S Swerdlow HP Smith GP Milton J Brown CG Hall KP Evers DJ Barnes CL Bignell HR Boutell JM Bryant J Carter RJ Keira Cheetham R Cox AJ Ellis DJ Flatbush MR Gormley NA Humphray SJ Irving LJ Karbelashvili MS Kirk SM Li H Liu X Maisinger KS Murray LJ Obradovic B Ost T Parkinson ML Pratt MR Rasolonjatovo IM Reed MT Rigatti R Rodighiero C Ross MT Sabot A Sankar SV Scally A Schroth GP Smith ME Smith VP Spiridou A Torrance PE Tzonev SS Vermaas EH Walter K Wu X Zhang L Alam MD 《Nature》2008,456(7218):53-59
DNA sequence information underpins genetic research, enabling discoveries of important biological or medical benefit. Sequencing projects have traditionally used long (400-800 base pair) reads, but the existence of reference sequences for the human and many other genomes makes it possible to develop new, fast approaches to re-sequencing, whereby shorter reads are compared to a reference to identify intraspecies genetic variation. Here we report an approach that generates several billion bases of accurate nucleotide sequence per experiment at low cost. Single molecules of DNA are attached to a flat surface, amplified in situ and used as templates for synthetic sequencing with fluorescent reversible terminator deoxyribonucleotides. Images of the surface are analysed to generate high-quality sequence. We demonstrate application of this approach to human genome sequencing on flow-sorted X chromosomes and then scale the approach to determine the genome sequence of a male Yoruba from Ibadan, Nigeria. We build an accurate consensus sequence from >30x average depth of paired 35-base reads. We characterize four million single-nucleotide polymorphisms and four hundred thousand structural variants, many of which were previously unknown. Our approach is effective for accurate, rapid and economical whole-genome re-sequencing and many other biomedical applications. 相似文献
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Roberto Malta da Silva Amarildo Jorge da Silva 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2011,24(6):545-554
Given the scarcity of oil reserves, renewable sources of energy have become important. The Brazilian government has established
standards and policies to foment the use of bio-energy. Bio-fuels have widespread use and have been inserted into the national
energy matrix to help sustainable development. It is necessary to establish the effectiveness of these government initiatives
in preserving ecology; otherwise environmental harm such as the loss of biodiversity will increase. The objective of this
paper is to identify and analyse, from a systems point of view, the potential benefits and risks to the environment which
may arise from the use of bio-energy; whether its production is in agreement with the Brazilian constitution and whether its
environmental impact is beneficial when it is exploited economically. It also examines the legal aspects of the National Energy
Policy and the introduction of bio-diesel. We conclude that the place of bio-fuel in the Brazilian and the world’s energy
matrix is irreversible and furthermore, that its role will increase sharply in the future. 相似文献