The role of orientation experiments in discovering mechanisms

Many types of experiments have been recognized in the literature. One important type we discuss in this article is the orientation experiment. While orientation experiments are like other types of experiments in that they are tests for causal relevance, they also have other qualities. One important (but not the only) goal of these experiments is to offer a rough, qualitative characterization of the mechanism responsible for a capacity of interest, effectively constraining future research. This makes them particularly useful during the early stages of investigation, when an explanandum-phenomenon has just been identified and several (often competing) hypotheses as to the qualitative character of the mechanism responsible for it are proposed. We illustrate our claims, and explicate a number of additional aims that orientation experiments can sometimes serve, by considering three case studies from different era's, namely the discovery of the mechanisms responsible for i) the capacity of eels to produce numbing sensations (17th and 18th century), ii) puerperal fever in Semmelweis' Vienna Maternity Hospital (19th century), and iii) the capacity of pigeons to home (20th century).     

基于计算实验的流感大流行预防策略

流感是人类健康的重大威胁之一.为探索预防新型流感大流行的有效策略,建立了北京市计算流行病模型,评估了边境口岸检疫,病例治疗,病例隔离,社会关系抗病毒预防以及免疫接种措施对四种新型流感大流行的预防效能.结果表明:边境口岸检疫对于预防新型流感大流行的作用非常有限;积极的病例治疗可预防传播能力类似于2009年A(H1N1)的新型流感大流行;高强度的病例治疗和病例隔离可预防传播能力类似于1957年A(H2N2)的新型流感大流行;对于传播能力类似于1918年A(H1N1)的新型流感,在高强度病例治疗和病例隔离的基础上须对病例的社会关系进行抗病毒预防才有可能预防大流行;而对于具有超级传播能力的新型流感(R_03.3),必须依靠有效的广谱疫苗才能预防大流行.研究结果对于进一步完善我国应对流感大流行的应急准备与处置计划具有参考价值.     

关于化学实验教学改革的研究

当前化学实验内容陈旧,联系实际较少,为适应素质教育的要求,应对实验教学进行改革,逐步形成科学的、先进的化学实验教学思路,以充分、全面的发挥化学实验教学的探究功能和育人功能。     

高师武术普修课分块教学的实验研究

采用实验对比的方法 ,探讨武术普修课分块教学的可行性效果 .结果表明 ,武术普修课采用分块教学是可行的 ,且使学生的学习目的性更加明确 ,提高了教学效果     

研究性学习在物理实验中的作用

分析了研究性学习在物理实验中的作用,提出实验中应培养学生的创新能力和科学思想.     

石油微观渗流数值模拟实验

应用基于骨架隐曲面造型技术，构造了一种抽象的孔隙空间模型，在此基础上运用系统模拟技术开发了一个石油微观运移数值模拟实验平台，用于模拟和展示石油在饱含水孔隙介质中的运移过程，并验证了以浮力为主要运移动力的动力学模型的适用性。     

分析化学实验教学中要注意的几个问题

提出了学生在分析化学实验中遇到的问题及解决方法，初步培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。     

初探“微机原理与接口技术”课程的教学改革

本文简述了《微机原理与接口技术》教学中的现状和所存在的弊端,结合自身的教学体会,提出了从教学大纲、教学设计、实验项目的选取、应用能力培养等方面入手,对以往的教学进行了一些尝试性的改革,以期提高学生的学习兴趣和动手能力。     

在有机化学实验教学中实行双语教学的尝试

随着中国加入世界贸易组织、外语在人们的日常生活中变得越来越重要，一个优秀人才不仅要懂专业，而且更要有较高的外语水平，才能适应当今社会的发展要求，根据西南民族学院化学专业学生的实际情况，为了提高学生的专业英语水平，有机化学实验教学中进行了双语教学的尝式，取得了一定的成效。     

Suitability of urethane anesthesia for physiopharmacological investigations in various systems Part 1: General considerations

Summary The suitability of urethane anesthesia for physiopharmacological investigations is reviewed. Total dose administered and route of administration are recognized as factors having a great influence on both resting parameters and biological responses to drugs. A peculiar characteristic of urethane is represented by its ability to induce a surgical plane of anesthesia without affecting neurotransmission in various subcortical areas and the peripheral nervous system. This makes urethane a suitable general anesthetic for studying neural function in both central and peripheral nervous systems and accounts for the preservation of a number of reflex responses in urethane-anesthetized animals.