马克思与马尔库塞关于自然辩证观之比较研究

马尔库塞从马克思关于异化劳动的分析入手,把马克思主义的自然范畴限制在社会领域,否认自然界的优先性地位.否认马克思主义自然界的优先性地位的思想是马尔库塞自然辩证观的错误所在,而强调劳动的中介性、人的主体性、实践性等又是他对马克思主义自然观的发展.在批判马尔库塞人与自然关系理论的缺陷时不能否认其合理性.     

安德烈·高兹的汽车社会意识形态理论及其意义

安德烈·高兹认为汽车是一种具有特权标志的非民主化奢侈品,一旦被大众化就会丧失其独特的使用价值。在资本逻辑推动下,大众化消费的汽车成为资本主义意识形态,是一种掩盖现实的虚假意识,控制、影响着人们的日常生活。汽车的大众化消费使得汽车提供的消费神话及特权在现实中幻灭,带来严重的交通堵塞、生态恶化等问题,令人们原本统一的生活被分割。高兹揭示了汽车的社会意识形态功能及其本质,分析他的汽车社会意识形态理论,能为绿色交通、低碳出行等民生问题的解决提供启示。     

The Art of Living with ICTs: The Ethics–Aesthetics of Vulnerability Coping and Its Implications for Understanding and Evaluating ICT Cultures

This essay shows that a sharp distinction between ethics and aesthetics is unfruitful for thinking about how to live well with technologies, and in particular for understanding and evaluating how we cope with human existential vulnerability, which is crucially mediated by the development and use of technologies such as electronic ICTs. It is argued that vulnerability coping is a matter of ethics and art: it requires developing a kind of art and techne in the sense that it always involves technologies and specific styles of experiencing and dealing with vulnerability, which depend on social and cultural context. It is suggested that we try to find better, perhaps less modern styles of coping with our vulnerability, recognize limits to our attempts to “design” our new forms, and explore what kinds of technologies we need for this project.     

伯格曼的技术哲学及其启示

伯格曼是当今世界最有影响的技术哲学家之一。他通过“器具范式”“聚焦物”、“聚焦活动”等概念，论证和说明现代技术在改善人们生活的过程中具有本质上的局限性。他同时还把对技术的形而上学和认识论的分析与对技术的社会学、经济学、历史学等学科的分析结合起来，试图全面地把握技术和当代生活的特点。     

试论科学知识生产的组织学分析

考察了惠特利(Richard Whitley)的“科学场域”视角和沃恩(Diane Vaughan)的“组织特征”视角,指出作为中观层面的科学知识生产的组织学分析框架中应该整合两种类型的研究,并纳入更广泛的社会与境。     

在工程与哲学之间

通过评析工程师和哲学家对工程与哲学交叉领域的代表性观点,表明工程师完全有能力通过思考工程哲学问题,帮助我们更好地理解工程,更好地建构工程/塑造社会;哲学家们应该切入工程实践塑造出来的社会现实,重建自我认同以赢得社会的承认.中国自然辩证法研究会的"三结合"传统仍然是促进"工程走向哲学"和"哲学走向工程"的现实依托.     

What has Philosophy to Offer to Chemistry?

The paper asks about the reasons for the neglect of chemistry in modern philosophy of science and investigates in how far this science can be the object of an autonomous philosophical reflection. It is argued that from a culturalistic point of view chemistry indeed offers a field of interesting questions ranging from the reconstruction of its epistemological objects to the elucidation of the semantic functions of terms like "atom" or "molecule". It is further argued that the philosophical reflection upon chemistry has important consequences for the didactic, the history and even the ethics of this science, making thus philosophy to a partner of chemistry in fulfilling its purposes in human society. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Complexity and Context-Dependency

It is argued that given the “anti-anthropomorphic” principle—that the universe is not structured for our benefit—modelling trade-offs will necessarily mean that many of our models will be context-specific. It is argued that context-specificity is not the same as relativism. The “context heuristic”—that of dividing processing into rich, fuzzy context-recognition and crisp, conscious reasoning and learning—is outlined. The consequences of accepting the impact of this human heuristic in the light of the necessity of accepting context-specificity in our modelling of complex systems is examined. In particular the development of “islands” or related model clusters rather than over-arching laws and theories. It is suggested that by accepting and dealing with context (rather than ignoring it) we can push the boundaries of science a little further.     

Nurturing Technologies for Sustainability Transitions

This paper is a commentary to a paper by Erik Paredis (2011). It is firstly argued that the theories of technology, as distinguished by Feenberg, cannot adequately explain the different interpretations of the role of technology in the transition towards sustainability, as Paredis argues. Secondly, the basic argument of Paredis is countered that transition research is fundamentally handicapped by its constructivists roots to discriminate between options. Finally it is argued that a third strand of transition research exists that is explicitly interventionist, and that nurtures specific technology in context.     

Pragmatism in Economic Methodology: The Duhem-Quine Thesis Revisited

Contemporary developments in economicmethodology have produced a vibrant agenda ofcompeting positions. These include, amongothers, constructivism, critical realism andrhetoric, with each contributing to the Realistvs. Pragmatism debate in the philosophies of thesocial sciences. A major development in theneo-pragmatist contribution to economicmethodology has been Quine's pragmatic assaulton the dogmas of empiricism, which are nowclearly acknowledged within contemporaryeconomic methodology. This assault isencapsulated in the celebrated Duhem-Quinethesis, which according to a number ofcontemporary leading philosophers of economics,poses a particularly serious methodologicalproblem for economics. This problem, asreflected in Hausman's analysis, consists ofthe inability of economics to learn fromexperience, thereby subverting the capacity totest economic theories. In this paper wedispute this position. Our argument is basedon a combination of Quine's holism with VanFraassen's constructive empiricism, especiallythe latter's analysis of empirical adequacy andhis pragmatic approach to explanation. Theresulting reorientation of economic methodologyrestores the capacity of economics to learnfrom experience and reinstates the imperativeof developing alternatives to orthodoxtheorizing in economics.     

Explaining the Origin of Life is not Enough for a Definition of Life

The comments focus on a presumed circular reasoning in the operator hierarchy and the necessity of understanding life’s origin for defining life. Below it is shown that its layered structure prevents the operator hierarchy from circular definitions. It is argued that the origin of life is an insufficient basis for a definition of life that includes multicellular and neural network organisms.     

Inference to the Best Manipulation – A Case Study of Qualitative Reasoning in Neuropharmacy

How can new drug lead suggestions beinferred from neurophysiological models? This paperaddresses this question based on a case study ofresearch into Parkinson's disease at the GroningenUniversity Department of Pharmacy. It is argued thatneurophysiological box-and-arrow models can beunderstood as qualitative differential equationmodels. An inference task is defined to helpunderstand and possibly aid the discovery andexplanation of new drug lead suggestions.     

Epistemic Justification and Operational Symbolism

By the end of the twelfth century in the south of Europe, new methods of calculating with Hindu-Arabic numerals developed. This tradition of sub-scientific mathematical practices is known as the abbaco period and flourished during 1280–1500. This paper investigates the methods of justification for the new calculating procedures and algorithms. It addresses in particular graphical schemes for the justification of operations on fractions and the multiplication of binomial structures. It is argued that these schemes provided the validation of mathematical practices necessary for the development towards symbolic reasoning. It is shown how justification schemes compensated for the lack of symbolism in abbaco treatises and at the same time facilitated a process of abstraction.     

Pauli versus Heisenberg: A Case Study of the Heuristic Role of Philosophy

This article analyses an episode in the earlyhistory of quantum theory: the controversy betweenPauli and Heisenberg about the anomalous Zeemaneffect, which was a main stumbling block for the oldquantum theory of Bohr. It is argued that theindividual philosophical views of both Pauli andHeisenberg directed their attempts to solve theanomaly and decisively influenced the solutions theyproposed. The results of this case study arecompared with the assertions of four theories ofscientific change, namely those of Kuhn, Lakatos,Laudan and Giere.     

关于《论衡》中“阳燧”的研究

东汉王充在《论衡》中多处提到消炼五石铸造阳燧。对于王充所说阳燧的材质,学术界的看法存在分歧,一种认为阳燧是玻璃透镜,另一种认为是铜凹面镜。文章结合文献记载和考古出土材料考证出汉代五石是丹砂、曾青、雄黄、石、磁石五种矿物,指出《论衡》所载用五石铸造的阳燧是铜镜,不是玻璃透镜,并从社会文化因素和技术发展因素两个层面对古人用五石铸造阳燧的原因进行了分析。     

The Anti-philosophical Stance, the Realism Question and Scientific Practice

In recent years a general consensus has been developing in the philosophy of science to the effect that strong social constructivist accounts are unable to adequately account for scientific practice. Recently, however, a number of commentators have formulated an attenuated version of constructivism that purports to avoid the difficulties that plague the stronger claims of its predecessors. Interestingly this attenuated form of constructivism finds philosophical support from a relatively recent turn in the literature concerning scientific realism. Arthur Fine and a number of other commentators have argued that the realism debate ought to be abandoned. The rationale for this argument is that the debate is sterile for it has, it is claimed, no consequence for actual scientific practice, and therefore does not advance our understanding of science or its practice. Recent “softer” accounts of social constructivism also hold a similar agnostic stance to the realism question. I provide a survey of these various agnostic stances and show how they form a general position that I shall refer to as “the anti-philosophical stance”. I then demonstrate that the anti-philosophical stance fails by identifying difficulties that attend its proposal to ban philosophical interpretation. I also provide examples of instances where philosophical stances to the realism question affect scientific practice.     

Falsificationism Falsified

A conceptual analysis of falsificationism is performed, in which the central falsificationist thesis is divided into several components. Furthermore, an empirical study of falsification in science is reported, based on the 70 scientific contributions that were published as articles in Nature in 2000. Only one of these articles conformed to the falsificationist recipe for successful science, namely the falsification of a hypothesis that is more accessible to falsification than to verification. It is argued that falsificationism relies on an incorrect view of the nature of scientific inquiry and that it is, therefore, not a tenable research methodology.     

批判实在论对社会科学方法论贡献探析

本文从本体论、认识论和方法三个方面探析了批判实在论对社会科学方法论的贡献。它把社会实在的基本特征概括为分层与超验性、突现性和社会结构的能动转化性三个方面。在此基础上它探讨了“认识谬误”的实质、根源和后果,从知识论、因果关系解释论和科学研究程序等方面阐述一种新的认识论。其方法贡献主要集中在回溯法、水平与垂直因果关系解释法和社会行动转化模型三个方面。它批判了在社会科学方法论中实证主义与解释主义的两极张力,从五个方面克服它们各自的二分法缺陷。批判实在论方兴未艾,面对学术界的一些质疑,还有许多问题有待于进一步研究。