液相微萃取的概念及应用

液相微萃取是近十几年发展起来的一种新型的样品前处理技术,集采样、萃取和浓缩几个步骤于一体,具有快速、简便、绿色环保等优势,已被广泛应用于各个领域化学分析检测的样品前处理过程。文章对液相微萃取的概念、特点、技术分支及应用进行了介绍。     

二氧化锰纳米结构制备研究

本文在低温、常压条件下，根据氧化还原原理，以KMnO4和无机酸为原料，在液相环境中制备纳米二氧化锰。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）和扫描电镜等方法对样品进行表征。通过调节溶液pH值和反应温度等参数来控制MnO2形貌和晶体结构。其中在低温和较低酸浓度条件下，得到层状褶皱结构的6--MnO2微球，而在高温和较高酸浓度条件下，可制备出一维a-MnO2单晶纳米棒和海胆状纳米结构。     

超临界萃取技术

一、主要技术内容 超临界流体萃取技术是一种发展迅速的化工分离技术,它已在石油、化工制药、生物食品,非金属材料等领域得到广泛的研究和应用.由于超临界流体具有良好的流动和传质特性;它的许多物理化学性质,如密度,介电常数和溶解度等在临界点附近对温度与压力的变化十分敏感,因此可利用这些特性来实现物质的萃取及萃取物与溶剂的分离.与传统的化工分离操作如有机溶剂萃取及精馏等相比,超临界流体萃取的工艺过程简单、操作方便、经济节能,其应用价值很高.     

柠檬酸分离提取新技术萃取

一、主要技术内容钙盐沉淀法一直是柠檬酸分离的主要手段,但其回收率低,成本高(试剂用量大、耗水量大),劳动强度大,工艺流程复杂,且会产生大量的硫酸钙沉淀废渣,污染环境.而该技术则采用新型萃取剂和专利萃取设备,通过多级逆流不间断连续萃取,利用本身重力分离提取柠檬酸,产品质量符合GB1987-80标准.     

水环境监测无线网络微传感器芯片系统基础研究

面向水环境监测国家重大需求，针对无线网络微传感器芯片系统急需解决的领域前沿问题，围绕着三维微纳结构传感效应及尺度效应、敏感材料与载体相互作用机理及表面增强效应、多靶标可逆特异性响应机理与信号转换机制、能量产生及耗散机理与自循环复合换能机制等核心科学问题进行探索性研究，深入研究和认识敏感机理，探索和研究新的敏感效应和敏感方法，获得提高微纳生物化学传感器灵敏度、选择性、稳定性的科学方法与技术途径；发展微纳加工、集成与封装新方法，研制出水环境监测关键微传感单元、微弱信号检测与传输极低功耗电路、环保型长效微型电源；通过微传感单元、极低功耗集成电路、微型电源的集成，结合样品预处理微流控芯片，实现水环境监测无线网络微传感器芯片系统，突破和解决水环境现场、实时、网络化自动监测关键技术。获得一批自主知识产权和前沿性成果，造就一支具有国际水平的研究队伍，营造不断创新的环境，为使我国在传感技术领域进入国际先进和领先水平，为我国信息技术的长远发展奠定坚实的基础。     

紫外分光光度法测定大豆异黄酮的含量

本文将豆粕中四种主要的异黄酮单体(大豆苷、染料木苷、大豆苷元和染料木素)的标准品按比例配成混合标样,利用高效液相绘制出各自的标准曲线.利用高效液相的标准曲线对从豆粕提纯的异黄酮样品中的这四种单体进行定量,并将其他单体的含量按峰面积比折算后计算出总异黄酮的含量.以这种自制样品作为标准品用紫外分光光度法在258纳米处检测并绘制标准曲线,建立回归方程,相关系数R=0.9999,方法回收率99.6%,精密度标准偏差0.072,变异系数为0.89%.此法结合了高效液相法的准确和紫外分光光度法的快速的优点,弥补这两种方法各自的缺点.不但能针对不同的异黄酮样本制备与之一致的标准品,还能满足工业化生产时对大量样本进行检测的需要,达到对总异黄酮含量进行准确快速检测的目的.     

低速逆流色谱分离技术中试项目

一、项目主要技术内容 逆流色谱技术,是从20世纪80年代开始发展起来的一种新型液-液分离技术,具有一些不同于其它液相色谱的特殊优点:(1)不使用固体吸附材料、可避免不可逆吸附或固体吸附剂与被分离物质的化学作用;(2)对分离样品纯度的要求低;(3)系统运行压力低;(4)仪器设备结构简单;(5)操作简便易行.经过国内外科学家的多年研究,发现逆流色谱技术可广泛应用于植物、海洋生物、微生物发酵产物、动物等材料中多种类型天然产物的分离,包括植物多酚类、类黄酮、生物碱、紫杉醇类、皂素、抗生素类、氨基酸衍生物、多肽、生物活性蛋白质、稀土元素等.     

基于光谱分析的猪肉品质快速无损检测技术研究

我国是世界上猪肉及其制品生产和消费大国，在猪肉生产、流通、管理领域，迫切需要对猪肉质量和等级进行快速检测。传统的质量检测与分析技术和仪器设备，如高效液相色谱法、质谱法等，存在着前处理过程复杂、分析时间长、检测指标单一、无法实现现场快速检测和反馈检测结果等缺点。目前，无损检测技术（如近红外光谱分析技术、金标试纸检测技术等）已在发达国家畜禽产品质量检测与评价上得到了应用，有效保证了产品的质量与安全。     

电站煤粉锅炉节油点火技术

本文介绍了电站煤粉锅炉点火技术的发展与现状，分析了微油点火技术和等离子点火技术等新型节能点火技术的工作原理和技术特点，对微油点火的技术关键、存在的问题与发展前景进行了研讨。     

新型烟碱无公害杀虫剂的开发与应用

一、主要技术内容 该成果是以榆中特产水烟为材料,经桑克氏法用温水提取其中的烟碱有机酸盐.提取液用Ca(OH)2及Na2CO3碱化使烟碱游离,过滤后,用乙酸乙酯萃取滤液,萃取相经浓缩回收乙酸乙酯得到含量为85%以上的烟碱.     

Spatio-Cultural Evolution as Information Dynamics: Part I

A view of evolution is presented in this paper (a two paper series), intended as a methodological infrastructure for modeling spatio-cultural systems (the design outline of such a model is presented in paper II). A motivation for the re-articulation of evolution as information dynamics is the phenomenologically discovered prerequisite of embedding a meaning-attributing apparatus in any and all models of spatio-cultural systems. An evolution is construed as the dynamics of a complex system comprised of memory devices, connected in an ordered fashion (not randomly) by information-exchanges. An information-exchange transpires when the recipient system adopts a strategy (a continuum of events) that eventually changes its structure; namely, after the exchange, it contains and conveys different information. These memory devices??sub-systems??are also similarly constructed complex system. Only a part of the information is retained by a system in its physical-memory storage, which eventually loses this function too, when the ability to retrieve a common enough structure is lost. The entire amount of information is a system??s structure of connections (information exchanges); it is contained (apparently stored) dynamically when a system is observed in a temporarily stable state. This temporary permanence??robustness and resilience??is attained dynamically; namely, enabled by changes taking place in its sub-systems and in each of their sub-systems. Therefore, for modeling such a system a multi-layer/multi-scale approach is preferable. It enables the addition and subtraction of an interim scale and the consideration of such a scale as a micro or a macro (thus initiating a maneuver up or down scale) according to an ad-hoc requirement of the model, which imitates an envisaged sub system (called an ??Inner World??), to which a certain range of decisions is relegated. This dynamics is driven (in time) by dynamically originated information growth, as defined by Shannon; i.e. by the fact that each of certain state transitions have occurred sometime in the past of the system just so and not otherwise, and by the fact that they have occurred in a certain order. Therefore, each ??history?? and memory retrieval availability of information is unique, and thus can be used to differentiate meanings. Hence, there cannot be a comprehensive solution to the meaning attribution model-design challenge. However, the observation that at the core of each envisaged complex system, moving in time according to a rounded logic, there is an information manipulating device, operating necessarily according to a Boolean logic, can be copied into the design of a model. This observation enables, therefore, the embedding of a specific, locally fitted, meaning attributing device, which is an information manipulating mechanism (it splices/attaches one segment of information to another??its meaning). However, this is just a framework; the actual solution has still to be found locally??for each subject system. Such a solution is demonstrated for the change in location or layout in the Israeli city in paper II.     

Spatio-Cultural Evolution as Information Dynamics—Part II

A model of a spatio-cultural sub-context (enfolded in a wider scope context) is presented in the form of a blue print of a Complex System with a two-stage decision engine at its core. The engine first attaches a meaning to analyzable datum, and then decides whether to keep or change it. It does not alter already stored meanings but is designed to search for data to be converted into additional stored meanings and improve the accuracy of correspondence of their spatial and cultural range of relevance. Meaning is reduced to the choice of a strategy??a future continuum of events; a choice dependent on a unique Evolutionary Path, a past continuum of events specific enough to lead to the current temporarily stable state of a spatio-cultural category. It is a blue print for a program that can emulate decisions to initiate changes in the environment in which a collective of culture partners resides; changes consisting of movements from one location to another or in the layout of its current location. The model is proposed at a low cultural resolution and is applicable, after suitable modifications, to a majority of city/period pairs. However, any such model has to be city/period specific. It is illustrated with a design for analyzing changes in the Israeli city, in particular in Tel Aviv.     

Dealing with Distances and Transformations for Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of Compositional Data

Clustering techniques are based upon a dissimilarity or distance measure between objects and clusters. This paper focuses on the simplex space, whose elements??compositions??are subject to non-negativity and constant-sum constraints. Any data analysis involving compositions should fulfill two main principles: scale invariance and subcompositional coherence. Among fuzzy clustering methods, the FCM algorithm is broadly applied in a variety of fields, but it is not well-behaved when dealing with compositions. Here, the adequacy of different dissimilarities in the simplex, together with the behavior of the common log-ratio transformations, is discussed in the basis of compositional principles. As a result, a well-founded strategy for FCM clustering of compositions is suggested. Theoretical findings are accompanied by numerical evidence, and a detailed account of our proposal is provided. Finally, a case study is illustrated using a nutritional data set known in the clustering literature.     

人造生命的出场路径探析——存在论的视角

从存在论视角看,作为一种特殊在者的到场,人造生命则存在以特定方式呈现的结果。人造生命得以出场的根源蕴含在对生命的特定理解、科学的认知取向和技术的操作特征之中。现代生命观将生命"物化"为生命体,生命科学按照人的理解对生命进行"图像",生物技术则根据人的要求"订造"生命的产出。经过生命观的"物化"、生命科学的"图像"和生物技术的"订造",人造生命得以圆满出场。但"物化"消解了生命存在的丰富内涵,"图像"仅是对生命规律的片面认知,"订造"则是对生命产出的强制性规定。结果是"如其所能的生命"以"如吾所识的生命"形态呈现,其中蕴含着诸多的不确定性风险。     

康德时间悖论的终结

康德的时间悖论二百年来一直是个难解之谜。时间本身就是谜,关于时间的悖论自然是谜中之谜。对时间线形的僵化理解,是造成时间悖论的根源。通过对时间本质的新的理解,利用时间的多重维度重新分析康德悖论的时候,悖论自身的不对称性将显露无遗,悖论中的问题似乎变成虚假的对立,乃至变成假问题,因而悖论得到终结。     

The mixture method of clustering applied to three-way data

Clustering or classifying individuals into groups such that there is relative homogeneity within the groups and heterogeneity between the groups is a problem which has been considered for many years. Most available clustering techniques are applicable only to a two-way data set, where one of the modes is to be partitioned into groups on the basis of the other mode. Suppose, however, that the data set is three-way. Then what is needed is a multivariate technique which will cluster one of the modes on the basis of both of the other modes simultaneously. It is shown that by appropriate specification of the underlying model, the mixture maximum likelihood approach to clustering can be applied in the context of a three-way table. It is illustrated using a soybean data set which consists of multiattribute measurements on a number of genotypes each grown in several environments. Although the problem is set in the framework of clustering genotypes, the technique is applicable to other types of three-way data sets.     

“白疕”及其相关病名考辨

“白疕”最早见于王肯堂《证治准绳》,但系指一种症状。作为独立的病名则最早见于祁坤《外科大成》,现被作为规范病名来使用。中医古籍中的“牛皮癣”相当于西医的“神经性皮炎”。西医进入中国后,使用了“牛皮癣”来指代银屑病,一度造成认识上的混乱。“疕”最早见于青铜器“昆疕王钟”,甲骨文中实无“疕”字。《诸病源候论》中的“干癣”“狗癣”“白癣”与白疕相似性较高,“松皮癣”“风癣”“白壳疮”“银钱疯”在中医古籍中的记载与白疕差别较大,不宜视作白疕的曾用名。     

交流理性与逆向归纳法悖论的消解

逆向归纳法是求解动态博弈的具有演绎性质的方法，然而在蜈蚣博弈（罗森塔尔于1981年提出）之中由它得到的纳什均衡解因不合理，违反直觉而被认为是一个悖论。本文通过引进新的合作性的均衡解概念，使该悖论得到消解。合作性均衡是博弈参与人通过讨价还价这样的“言语行为”在“交流”中得以实现的，而由逆向归纳法得到的完美纳什均衡是在“沉默”中实现的。合作性的均衡所实现的是交流合理性，它能够使所有博弈参与人的支付都得到提高。     

宇宙“力网理论”的建立——对宇宙、人体、疾病的新认知

如今"事物普遍联系原理",谁也不会存在什么疑义,而系统论"整体性、关联性"思想也重点强调联系,在这些理论之下,我们是否应该对联系的起因给予进一步的追究呢?为什么说"事物之间存在着普遍联系"?本文,对联系的产生、由来,联系的"媒介"进行了揭示,认为是力的作用,促使事物间发生了联系,而联系即构成了网。这一新的认知,使笔者发现:宇宙间还存在着"力网"。这不仅揭示出联系的起因,而且又揭示了"力网"的客观存在。即:运动、变化的缘起应归结为"力"的作用。力产生联系,由此形成了"力网"。本文进而提出"宇宙网"、"人体网"、"万物俱在网"的新概念,是基于"力网"理论。力网理论可广泛应用于宇宙、自然、人体与疾病的研究。本文后面内容是应用力网理论侧重于医学的研究;从力网视角,讲述了在疾病病因上的新发现以及提出的新理论,如:栓塞与占位理论、挤压理论、人体形变理论、人体内部物质也飘移学说。这些理论、学说均经过了临床的反复印证。但由于篇幅所限,本文讲述的只是基本观点。     

朝向一个科学历史性的科学哲学

科学史与科学哲学从概念上来说分属于事实与观念，科学史是事实的搜集，科学哲学则是对科学发展规律的认知。二者的融合与互动，造就了朝向一个科学历史性的科学哲学。科学的归纳推理总不止是单纯的搜集事实，不仅要把事实收集在一起，而且要以新观点审视它们。同时还要引入一种新的精神因素，为了进行归纳需要有一种特殊的精神素质和训练。当代每一学科科学史发展与学科规律认识正在促进科学史与科学哲学的融合与互动以及科学本身的发展。