浅析军语使用语境

语境是一个由诸多要素组成的复杂系统，人类的言语活动既受语言因素的影响和制约，也受非语言因素的影响和制约，因此语境包括语言语境和非语言语境两个子系统。军语同样受语言语境和非语言语境的影响，并在使用中呈现出一定规律。     

浅析军语使用语境

语境是一个由诸多要素组成的复杂系统,人类的言语活动既受语言因素的影响和制约,也受非语言因素的影响和制约,因此语境包括语言语境和非语言语境两个子系统。军语同样受语言语境和非语言语境的影响,并在使用中呈现出一定规律。     

术语表研制的四个步骤——以英语语言学为例

在国外学者的词频研究方法、语境研究方法和语料对比方法的基础上,以英语语言学56万余字的语料为基础,提出了四个步骤的术语表研制方法,并且归纳出了359个英语语言学术语。这种研究不仅是对英语语言学术语的第一次尝试性归纳,而且研究方法上的创新可以应用于其他学科的术语研究和术语表的研制。     

The Significance of Context in Comprehension: The `WeCase'

This paper deals with some of the issues raisedabout the use of context in language, that is,the pragmatic side of the problem; morespecifically it aims to stress the significanceand complexity of context. In real life context is exploited both in production and in comprehension.I will deal here mainly with comprehension:after briefly referring to cognitive contextsand their interaction with knowledge andcomprehension, and touching on the relationbetween language and context, I will analyzethe uses of an indexical pronoun, we,which may both include and exclude speaker/sand/or interlocutor/s, and cannot beinterpreted without referring to an`integrated' view of context.     

Constructing Ultrametric and Additive Trees Based on the L 1 Norm

L ₁) criterion. Examples of ultrametric and additive trees fitted to two extant data sets are given, plus a Monte Carlo analysis to assess the impact of both typical data error and extreme values on fitted trees. Solutions are compared to the least-squares (L ₂) approach of Hubert and Arabie (1995a), with results indicating that (with these data) the L ₁ and L ₂ optimization strategies perform very similarly. A number of observations are made concerning possible uses of an L ₁ approach, the nature and number of identified locally optimal solutions, and metric recovery differences between ultrametrics and additive trees.     

摹状词指称的存在性和语境

斯特劳森正确地指出,罗素把限定摹状词的存在性预设当作存在性断定,进而把一个违反存在性预设因而没有真值的语句看作一个假命题,这是对预设和断定的混淆。笔者进一步指出,唐奈兰把由世界语境和交流语境造成的关于适合于摹状词的对象是否存在的差别,错误地归结为,在适合于一个摹状词的对象不存在的情况下关于该摹状词的归属性用法和指称性用法的差别。笔者认为,无论归属性用法还是指称性用法,只有在适合于那个摹状词的对象存在的情况下才有指称;关键在于,适合于那个摹状词的对象在不同的语境下可能是不同的。     

"言语行为"的社会学分析--一个语言学和社会学结合的尝试

"言语行为"把言语看作行为,更是一种社会行为,它的提出有社会学背景,语谓、语旨、语效尤其五种语旨行为与社会动机、社会行为分析紧密相关,"言语行为"具有社会学上的优缺点.     

Meaning and Reference in Aristotle’s Concept of the Linguistic Sign

To Aristotle, spoken words are symbols, not of objects in the world, but of our mental experiences related to these objects. Presently there are two major strands of interpretation of Aristotle’s concept of the linguistic sign. First, there is the structuralist account offered by Coseriu (Geschichte der Sprachphilosophie. Von den Anfängen bis Rousseau, 2003 [1969], pp. 65–108) whose interpretation is reminiscent of the Saussurean sign concept. A second interpretation, offered by Lieb (in: Geckeler (Ed.) Logos Semantikos: Studia Linguistica in Honorem Eugenio Coseriu 1921–1981, 1981) and Weidemann (in: Schmitter (Ed.) Geschichte der Sprachtheorie 2. Sprachtheorien der abendländischen Antike, 1991), says that Aristotle’s concept of the linguistic sign is similar to the one presented in Ogden and Richard’s (The meaning of meaning: A study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism, 1970 [1923]) semiotic triangle. This paper starts off with an introductory outline of the so-called phýsei-thései discussion which started during presocratic times and culminated in Plato’s Cratylus. Aristotle’s concept of the linguistic sign is to be regarded as a solution to the stalemate position reached in the Cratylus. Next, a discussion is offered of both Coseriu’s and Lieb’s analysis. We submit that Aristotle’s concept of the linguistic sign shows features of both Saussure’s and Ogden and Richards’s sign concept but that it does not exclusively predict one of the two. We argue that Aristotle’s concept of the linguistic sign is based on three different relations which together evince his teleological as well empiricist point of view: one internal (symbolic) relation and two external relations, i.e. a likeness relation and a relation katà synthéken.     

Constructivism, Cognition, and Science – An Investigation of Its Links and Possible Shortcomings

This paper addresses the questions concerningthe relationship between scientific andcognitive processes. The fact that both,science and cognition, aim at acquiring somekind of knowledge or representationabout the “world” is the key for establishing alink between these two domains. It turns outthat the constructivist frameworkrepresents an adequate epistemologicalfoundation for this undertaking, as its focusof interest is on the (constructive)relationship between the world and itsrepresentation. More specifically, it will beshown how cognitive processes and their primaryconcern to construct a representation of theenvironment and to generate functionallyfitting behavior can act as the basis forembedding the activities and dynamics of theprocess of science in them by making use ofconstructivist concepts, such as functionalfitness, structure determinedness, etc.Cognitive science and artificiallife provide the conceptual framework of representational spaces and their interactionbetween each other and with the environmentenabling us to establish this link betweencognitive processes and thedevelopment/dynamics of scientific theories.The concepts of activation, synaptic weight,and genetic (representational) spaces arepowerful tools which can be used as“explanatory vehicles”for a cognitivefoundation of science, more specifically forthe “context of discovery” (i.e., thedevelopment, construction, and dynamics ofscientific theories and paradigms).Representational spaces do not only offer us abetter understanding of embedding science incognition, but also show, how theconstructivist framework, both, can act as anadequate epistemological foundation for theseprocesses and can be instantiated by theserepresentational concepts from cognitivescience. The final part of this paper addresses somemore fundamental questions concerning thepositivistic and constructivist understandingof science and human cognition. Among otherthings it is asked, whether a purelyfunctionalist and quantitative view of theworld aiming almost exclusively at itsprediction and control is really satisfying forour intellect (having the goal of achieving aprofound understanding of reality).     

多模态大数据语境下科技术语翻译标准分析——以新冠肺炎和新冠病毒术语翻译为例

科技术语翻译在全球贸易、科技传播中起着举足轻重的作用,但还存在不准确、不规范和不一致等现象,例如在线词典、机器翻译引擎、在线百科等提供的新冠肺炎和新冠病毒的译法。梳理了科技术语翻译标准和多模态大数据语境理论框架。基于科技术语与翻译方面权威的规范文献的国际国内标准和术语翻译标准的相关研究等可归纳为准确、简明、一致、规范的术语翻译标准;多模态大数据语境则指术语可通过文本、图片、网页等多模态语境传播,整个网络具有多模态语境互文性。文章以新冠肺炎和新冠病毒术语翻译标准化为例,基于网络、数据库检索、图文等互文性语境,以及现有相关研究,分析在科普和学术论文场合的翻译惯例,根据术语翻译标准,更全面归纳了标准化汉英翻译,包括优选术语、全称、曾称和简称等,示范了英语科技论文中全称和简称的写作方式等,可为在线词典、机器翻译中术语优化和科技名词规范等术语翻译标准化相关工作提供参考。     

Social Autonomy and Heteronomy in the Age of ICT: The Digital <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pharmakon</Emphasis> and the (Dis)Empowerment of the General Intellect

‘The art of living with ICTs (information and communication technologies)’ today not only means finding new ways to cope, interact and create new lifestyles on the basis of the new digital (network) technologies individually, as ‘consumer-citizens’. It also means inventing new modes of living, producing and, not in the least place, struggling collectively, as workers and producers. As the so-called digital revolution unfolds in the context of a neoliberal cognitive and consumerist capitalism, its ‘innovations’ are predominantly employed to modulate and control both production processes and consumer behavior in view of the overall goal of extracting surplus value. Today, the digital networks overwhelmingly destroy social autonomy, instead engendering increasing social heteronomy and proletarianization. Yet it is these very networks themselves, as technical pharmaka in the sense of French ‘technophilosopher’ Bernard Stiegler, that can be employed as no other to struggle against this tendency. This paper briefly explores this possibility by reflecting upon current diagnoses of our ‘technological situation’ by some exemplary post-operaist Marxists from a Stieglerian, pharmacological perspective.     

从术语学角度看“甲型H1N1流感”的定名

从术语学角度对"甲型H1N1流感"定名过程进行分析,得出几点启示。第一,应注意协调术语词汇意义与概念意义之间的辩证关系,否则将会产生危害极大的误导性术语;第二,术语定名是一个复杂的过程,受语言、经济、政治、文化、科学等多方面因素的制约,科学定名应建立在概念体系之上;第三,在引进国外术语的过程中,要正确处理国际化与本土化之间的关系。     

从术语学角度看“甲型H1N1流感”的定名

从术语学角度对“甲型H1N1流感”定名过程进行分析,得出几点启示。第一,应注意协调术语词汇意义与概念意义之间的辩证关系,否则将会产生危害极大的误导性术语;第二,术语定名是一个复杂的过程,受语言、经济、政治、文化、科学等多方面因素的制约,科学定名应建立在概念体系之上;第三,在引进国外术语的过程中,要正确处理国际化与本土化之间的关系。     

Efficient algorithms for divisive hierarchical clustering with the diameter criterion

Divisive hierarchical clustering algorithms with the diameter criterion proceed by recursively selecting the cluster with largest diameter and partitioning it into two clusters whose largest diameter is smallest possible. We provide two such algorithms with complexitiesO( N ²) andO(N ²logN) respectively, where denotes the maximum number of clusters in a partition andN the number of entities to be clustered. The former algorithm, an efficient implementation of an algorithm of Hubert, allows to find all partitions into at most clusters and is inO(N ²) for fixed . Moreover, if in each partitioning the size of the largest cluster is bounded byp times the number of entities in the set to be partitioned, with 1/2<=p<1, it provides a complete hierarchy of partitionsO(N ² logN) time. The latter algorithm, a refinement of an algorithm of Rao allows to build a complete hierarchy of partitions inO(N ² logN) time without any restriction. Comparative computational experiments with both algorithms and with an agglomerative hierarchical algorithm of Benzécri are reported.

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Résumé Les algorithmes de classification hiérarchique descendante utilisant le critère du diamètre, sélectionnent récursivement la classe de plus grand diamètre et la partitionnent en deux classes, dont le plus grand diamètre est le plus, petit possible. Nous proposons deux tels algorithmes, avec des complexités enO ( N²) etO(N ² logN) respectivement, où désigne le nombre maximum de classes d'une partition etN le nombre d'objets à classifier. Le premier algorithme, une implantation d'un algorithme de Hubert, permet de construire des partitions avec au plus classes et est enO(N ²) pour fixé. De plus, si dans chaque bipartition le nombre d'objets de la plus grande classe, est borné parp fois le nombre d'objets de l'ensemble à partitionner, où 1/2≤p<1, cet algorithme permet de construire une hiérarchie complète de partitions en tempsO(N ² logN). Le second algorithme, un raffinement d'un algorithme de Rao, permet de construire une hiérarchie complète de partitions en tempsO(N ² logN) sans aucune restriction On présente également des résultats de calcul comparatifs pour les deux algorithmes et pour l'algorithme de classification hiérarchique ascendante de Benzécri.

     

“语言”“言语”与“话语”三分

“语言” “言语”和“话语”是语言学的三个重要概念，用于日常生活和科学论述，有不同程度的含混，本文从语言比较、语料库、俗用、变体、专用等角度讨论了三分的事实、理据与作用，最后对三个概念作了相应的厘定。     

若干语言学术语的德英汉称谓分析

选取20个语言学术语为研究对象,从语言学、翻译学和术语学的角度分别对其德语、英语、汉语称谓进行比较分析,从微观和宏观两个方面提出了其中的问题,阐释了一些改进方法。     

Axiomatization and Models of Scientific Theories

In this paper we discuss two approaches to the axiomatization of scientific theories in the context of the so called semantic approach, according to which (roughly) a theory can be seen as a class of models. The two approaches are associated respectively to Suppes’ and to da Costa and Chuaqui’s works. We argue that theories can be developed both in a way more akin to the usual mathematical practice (Suppes), in an informal set theoretical environment, writing the set theoretical predicate in the language of set theory itself or, more rigorously (da Costa and Chuaqui), by employing formal languages that help us in writing the postulates to define a class of structures. Both approaches are called internal, for we work within a mathematical framework, here taken to be first-order ZFC. We contrast these approaches with an external one, here discussed briefly. We argue that each one has its strong and weak points, whose discussion is relevant for the philosophical foundations of science.     

An Algorithm for Computing Cutpoints in Finite Metric Spaces

The theory of the tight span, a cell complex that can be associated to every metric D, offers a unifying view on existing approaches for analyzing distance data, in particular for decomposing a metric D into a sum of simpler metrics as well as for representing it by certain specific edge-weighted graphs, often referred to as realizations of D. Many of these approaches involve the explicit or implicit computation of the so-called cutpoints of (the tight span of) D, such as the algorithm for computing the “building blocks” of optimal realizations of D recently presented by A. Hertz and S. Varone. The main result of this paper is an algorithm for computing the set of these cutpoints for a metric D on a finite set with n elements in O(n3) time. As a direct consequence, this improves the run time of the aforementioned O(n6)-algorithm by Hertz and Varone by “three orders of magnitude”.     

“第三媒介”对言语行为的变构

人类的言语行为需借助一定的媒介技术才能实现,受到信息处理方式的制约。以计算机网络技术为主要支持系统的、被人们称为"第三媒介"的信息传播方式,其硬件的配置、软件的设计,对主体表达和交流思想情感的行为,产生了言说方式的媒介预设与思维活动的语境化育,给言语带来了时代性的技术变构。揭示其中机理,有益于正确认识和运用现代媒介技术。     

Reticulation inside the Species Boundary

gene trees and species trees. We construct different lineage histories for different genes, in spite of the fact that intragenic recombination ensures that building a gene tree can become an exercise in averaging over disparate (and reticulating) segmental phylogenies. Combining data across disparate gene trees leads to an average species tree, but whether that represents anything real is dubious. Another ploy is to study mitochondrial and/or chloroplast genomes, confidently asserted to be inherited in strictly lineal fashion, without recombination. Evidence is mounting, however, that even these organellar elements have recombination and that their phylogenies are reticulate. Given the generally reticulate process of evolution at the subspecific level, we should model the collection of relationships more as a redundant and multiply connected network than as a strictly radiating phylogeny.