共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 93 毫秒
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围绕心-身问题,当今心灵哲学中最具影响的两派——非还原的和还原的物理主义——有着一个共识,即心灵依赖于身体,其主要根据是"物质世界的因果闭合原则"。相应地,这两个派别也有着一个共同的缺陷,那就是对于意识这个最为重要的心灵现象表现出无能为力。本文提出"休谟-康德因果关系"的概念,并据此重新审视因果闭合原则和心-身问题,在接受笛卡尔的心-物二元论的基础上,进一步提出还原-突现的方法二元论。 相似文献
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"意识的高阶表征理论"通过高阶的心理状态与一阶的心理状态间的外在的表征关系来解释现象意识。不过,它们面临着一个"来自亲密性的异议"。克里格的"自我表征主义"试图诉诸"构成表征"观点对此异议进行回应。他的回应策略成功与否的关键在于其能否有效地解决"误表征"问题。然而,在面对"极端的误表征"和"温和的误表征"两种情况时,"构成表征"仅可以回应前者而对后者却无能无力,因而克里格的"自我表征主义"的回应策略同样面临着异议。 相似文献
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具身心智的物理主义困境 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
具身的认知观认为,人类的心智和理性是具身的。从维果茨基活动理论传统的视角出发,通过对莱考夫和约翰逊的典型例子以及西伦和史密斯的动力认知案例的分析,对认知语言学中发展起来的两种具身认知主张进行了批判。论证了具身的认知观并没有能够推翻认知是一个在认识上独立存在的客观属性的过程这样一种物理主义观点,并进一步揭示了具身的认知观所面临的物理主义困境。 相似文献
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无表征智能是美国著名机器人制造专家罗德尼.布鲁克斯(Rodney Brooks)提出的一种智能理论。布鲁克斯认为,传统人工智能在建造机器人时,采取的是"感觉-建模-计划-行动"框架,这种框架在表征问题上遇到了巨大的困难。实际上,机器人的行动方式完全不必如此复杂,只需要两个步骤就可以:即感觉,然后行动。我们在建造机器人时,完全可以放弃表征范式所要求的那些复杂的计划、映射和认知等表征内容,而采取基于行为的包容结构。在包容理论指导下,布鲁克斯制造了"艾伦"、"赫伯特"、"成吉斯"、"考格"等机器人。布鲁克斯的理论取得了一定的成功,但也遇到一些新的困难。 相似文献
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具身AI(embodiedAI)(又称行为主义AI)的很多灵感源自现象学对经典AI的批判。现象学关于人类智能的洞见——非表征性、具身性、在世界中的存在,都转化为了具身AI的设计原则。具身AI的发展和成熟,不仅是对现象学哲学的实证,也是对现象学实践的重大发展。蒙在现象学脸上的神秘面纱,通过具身AI的工作得到了一定的揭示。因此,具身AI是一种不寻常的现象学实践。尽管当前的具身AI,还不能完全体现现象学对人的理解并克服经典AI的难题,但不容质疑的是:具身AI进路使人类向着真正理解和模拟自然智能的目标更进了一步。 相似文献
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参照系是由一定维向构成的符号化的物质关系系统,本质上是一种实践关系系统。它能在主客体相互作用中,以一种具有符号意义的状态将客体的性质及其量显现出来,获得经验知识;并在参照系变换中确定学科的理论体系。参照系具有界定对象世界及其认识范围的意义。 相似文献
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在当代自然主义的背景下,追问"我是什么?"具有十分重要的理论意义。当前自然主义在个人本体论问题上的可选方案主要有虚无主义、动物主义、构成主义以及四维论。其中,动物主义为我们提供了一个基本的自然主义框架去把握和解决人格同一性问题。不过,这种专注于处理人格同一性问题的动物主义是不完整的,因而在人格同一性问题上容易受到传统心理连续性标准的挑战。一种完整的动物主义应当包含一种适当的自我模型并在意识问题上承诺了某种一般性的立场,换句话说,应当是自然主义整体世界观的组成部分。 相似文献
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GianCarlo Ghirardi 《Foundations of Science》2002,7(1-2):11-47
After a brief account of theway quantum theory deals with naturalprocesses, the crucial problem that such atheory meets, the measurement or, better, themacro-objectification problem is discussed.The embarrassing aspects of the occurrence ofentangled states involving macroscopic systemsare analyzed in details. The famous example ofSchroedinger's cat is presented and it ispointed out how the combined interplay of thesuperposition principle and the ensuingentanglement raises some serious difficultiesin working out a satisfactory quantum worldview, agreeing with our definiteperceptions. The orthodox solution to themacro-objectification problem, i.e. thepostulate of wave packet reduction, isanalyzed and is proved to be inconsistent withthe assumption that the theory governes alsothe measurement process. After these premises,the rest of the paper is devoted to discuss arecent proposal of overcoming the difficultiesof the standard formalism by acceptingnonlinear and stochastic modifications of thequantum dynamics. The proposed theory is shownto agree with all known predictions of thestandard theory concerning microscopic systemsand to account, on the basis of a universaldynamics which is assumed to govern allnatural processes, for wave packet reductionin measurement processes and, more important,to eliminate all the difficulties concerningmacroscopic situations. Actually, the proposedtheory allows one to take consistently amacrorealistic position about natural processes and about our definite perceptions. 相似文献
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Clément Vidal 《Foundations of Science》2010,15(4):375-393
In this philosophical paper, we explore computational and biological analogies to address the fine-tuning problem in cosmology. We first clarify what it means for physical constants or initial conditions to be fine-tuned. We review important distinctions such as the dimensionless and dimensional physical constants, and the classification of constants proposed by Lévy-Leblond. Then we explore how two great analogies, computational and biological, can give new insights into our problem. This paper includes a preliminary study to examine the two analogies. Importantly, analogies are both useful and fundamental cognitive tools, but can also be misused or misinterpreted. The idea that our universe might be modelled as a computational entity is analysed, and we discuss the distinction between physical laws and initial conditions using algorithmic information theory. Smolin introduced the theory of “Cosmological Natural Selection” with a biological analogy in mind. We examine an extension of this analogy involving intelligent life. We discuss if and how this extension could be legitimated. 相似文献
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Massimiliano Badino 《Foundations of Science》2006,11(4):323-347
The foundation of statistical mechanics and the explanation of the success of its methods rest on the fact that the theoretical
values of physical quantities (phase averages) may be compared with the results of experimental measurements (infinite time
averages). In the 1930s, this problem, called the ergodic problem, was dealt with by ergodic theory that tried to resolve
the problem by making reference above all to considerations of a dynamic nature. In the present paper, this solution will
be analyzed first, highlighting the fact that its very general nature does not duly consider the specificities of the systems
of statistical mechanics. Second, Khinchin’s approach will be presented, that starting with more specific assumptions about
the nature of systems, achieves an asymptotic version of the result obtained with ergodic theory. Third, the statistical meaning
of Khinchin’s approach will be analyzed and a comparison between this and the point of view of ergodic theory is proposed.
It will be demonstrated that the difference consists principally of two different perspectives on the ergodic problem: that
of ergodic theory puts the state of equilibrium at the center, while Khinchin’s attempts to generalize the result to non-equilibrium
states. 相似文献
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老证据问题起源于美国当代哲学家格莱莫尔针对贝叶斯主义所提出的责难,该问题所展示的困境是,贝叶斯认证理论似乎不能解释此前已知的证据如何给受检假说提供新的支持。本文从分析格莱莫尔论证的前提着手,指出他没有恰当区分已知事实与背景知识以及没有留意贝叶斯检验模型对于多理论竞争框架的承诺是导致老证据问题的关键,并在此基础上探讨贝叶斯认证理论处理老证据问题的思路与机制。 相似文献
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指南针产生以后,中国学者对指南针之所以能够指南,从理论上做过探讨.这些探讨大都是从阴阳五行学说出发,结合当时人们对大地形状的认识而展开的.万历年间,传教士来华,带来了西方的指南针理论、地球学说以及相关的科技知识,在这些知识的影响下,中国学者开始从新的视角探讨指南针理论问题.在这些探讨中,阴阳五行的作用淡化了,而从力学角度做的分析却增加了,这是前所未有的.在传教士中,南怀仁的指南针理论最为系统,但他的理论仍然局限在古代科学的范围,并非吉尔伯特的磁学理论.南怀仁的理论在中国影响深远,直到19世纪中叶,仍有中国学者用南怀仁理论解释指南针问题. 相似文献
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传统技术理论无论是工具理论还是实体理论,都视技术为一种天命,认为人类无法干预技术,只能"接受它或抛弃它",因此人类无法解决技术问题。在芬伯格看来,任何一种技术都是特定社会的产物,技术具有社会性。技术的社会性决定了技术不是天命,人们完全可以通过对技术的民主转化来变革技术,从而解决技术所存在的问题。芬伯格通过技术的变革来解决技术问题,不仅为我们思考技术的本质和解决技术问题提供了新思路,而且也为技术的未来发展指明了新方向。 相似文献
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Mohammadreza Zolfagharian Reza Akbari Hamidreza Fartookzadeh 《Foundations of Science》2014,19(2):189-207
Having entered into the problem structuring methods, system dynamics (SD) is an approach, among systems’ methodologies, which claims to recognize the main structures of socio-economic behaviors. However, the concern for building or discovering strong philosophical underpinnings of SD, undoubtedly playing an important role in the modeling process, is a long-standing issue, in a way that there is a considerable debate about the assumptions or the philosophical foundations of it. In this paper, with a new perspective, we have explored theory of knowledge in SD models and found strange similarities between classic epistemological concepts such as justification and truth, and the mechanism of obtaining knowledge in SD models. In this regard, we have discussed related theories of epistemology and based on this analysis, have suggested some implications for moderating common problems in the modeling process of SD. Furthermore, this research could be considered a reword of system dynamics modeling principles in terms of theory of knowledge. 相似文献