明辨材料的“性质”与“性能”

遵循古训“博学，审问，慎思，明辨，笃行”，尝试学、问、思，藉以辨明“性质”与“性能”之间的区别，这对于理解和控制材料的性能、发挥环境的作用，是有益的；对发挥人才的才能和事物的功能也有参考意义。     

“Jnking” atherosclerosis

Numerous studies in animal models established a key role of the C-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family (JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3) in numerous pathological conditions, including cancer, cardiac hypertrophy and failure, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, arthritis and asthma. A possible function of JNK in atherosclerosis remained uncertain since conclusions have mainly been based on in vitro studies investigating endothelial cell activation, T-effector cell differentiation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, all of which represent crucial cellular processes involved in atherosclerosis. However, recent experiments demonstrated that macrophage-restricted deletion of JNK2 was sufficient to efficiently reduce atherosclerosis in mice. Furthermore, it has been shown that JNK2 specifically promotes scavenger receptor A-mediated foam cell formation, an essential step during early atherogenesis, which occurs when vascular macrophages internalize modified lipoproteins. Thus, specific inhibition of JNK2 activity may emerge as a novel and promising therapeutic approach to attenuate atheroma formation in the future. In this review, we discuss JNK-dependent cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. Received 9 June 2005; received after revision 18 July 2005; accepted 18 July 2005     

“Fission zone” inSpirostomum ambiguum

Zusammenfassung Regenerationsexperimente haben gezeigt, dass beiSpirostomum ambiguum die Lage der Einschnürungsstelle schon vor der Teilung festgelegt wird. Die Determination der Furche erfolgt zur Zeit der Kondensation des Makronukleus.     

“The True” in Gottlob Frege's “Über die Grundlagen der Geometrie”

In this essay, I examine the metaphysical and metalogical ramifications of Gottlob Frege's controversy with David Hilbert and Alwin Korselt, over Hilbert's Grundlagen der Geometrie. These ramifications include(1) Korselt's original appeals to general metatheoretic Deutungen (interpretations);(2) Hilbert's puzzling belief that whatever is consistent in some sense exists; and(3) Frege's semantic monist conviction that theoretical sense and reference (mathematical and other) must be eindeutig lösbar (uniquely solvable).My principal conclusions are(4) that Frege's position in (3) represented a pervasively dogmatic presumption that his newly discovered quantification theory must have a propositional metatheory (the True; the False); and(5) that this needless assumption adversely affected not only his polemic against the moderate semantic relativism of Hilbert and Korselt, but also his reception of type-theoretic ideas, and greatly facilitated his vulnerability to the sort of self-referential inconsistency Russell discovered in Grundgesetz V.These conclusions also seem to me to provide a conceptual framework for several of Frege's other arguments and reactions which might seem more particular and disparate. These include(6) his arbitrary restrictions on the range of second-order quantification, which undercut his own tentative attempts to give accounts of independence and semantic consequence;(7) his uncharacteristic hesitation, even dismay, at the prospect that such accounts might eventuate in a genuinely quantificational metamathematics, whose Gegenstände (objects) might themselves be Gedanken (thoughts); and, perhaps most revealingly(8) his otherwise quite enigmatic, quasi-stoic doctrine that genuine formal deduction must be from premises that are true.A deep reluctance to pluralize or iterate the transition from theory to meta-theory would also be consonant, of course, with Frege's vigorous insistence that there can be only one level each of linguistic Begriffe (concepts) and Gegenstände (objects). With hindsight, such an assumption may seem more gratuitous in the philosophy of language (where it contributed, I would argue, to Wittgenstein's famous transition to the mystical in 6.45 and 6.522 of the Tractatus); but its more implausible implications in this wider context seemed to emerge more slowly.In the mathematical test-case discussed here, however, such strains were immediately and painfully apparent; the first models of hyperbolic geometry were described some thirty years before Frege drafted his polemic against Hilbert's pioneering exposition. It is my hope that a careful study of Frege's lines of argument in this relatively straightforward mathematical controversy may suggest other, parallel approaches to the richer and more ambiguous problems of his philosophy of language.Niemand kann zwei Herren dienen. Man kann nicht der Wahrheit dienen und der Unwahrheit. Wenn die euklidische Geometrie wahr ist, so ist die nichteuklidische Geometrie falsch, und wenn die nichteuklidische wahr ist, so ist die euklidische Geometrie falsch.No one can serve two masters. One cannot serve truth and untruth. If Euclidean geometry is true, non-Euclidean geometry is false, and if non-Euclidean [geometry] is true, Euclidean geometry is false. Über Euklidische Geometrie [Frege 1969], p. 183.     

论“科学技术动力观”

本文论述了江泽民同志的“科学技术动力观”，阐明了：1．它是纵观人类发展史确立起的社会发展观，2．它全面地、深刻地突出了科学技术的社会价值，3．它是唯物史观的现代拓深形式。     

新版“生物信息学工具箱”发布

美国MathWorks公司近日发布了新版的Bioinformatics Toolbox for MATLAB（MATLAB生物信息学工具箱），新版“工具箱”将更好地帮助科学家从事药物、遗传工程、基因组学、蛋白质组学等研究。     

微软公司推出“政府安全计划”

据《纽约时报》报道 ,世界最大的软件生产商美国微软公司宣布 ,推出“政府安全计划” ,向各国政府和国际组织开放其操作系统软件源代码。根据微软新宣布的这项“政府安全计划” ,各国政府部门不仅可以对微软的多个版本的“视窗”操作系统源代码进行测试 ,而且将获准在“视窗”中加入自行选择的加密软件 ,另外在隐私和安全认证技术等方面也将拥有更多控制权。微软称 ,参与该计划的政府机构在签署有关合同后 ,就能够免费从网上获取 97%的源代码进行评测 ,但各国政府代表必须来到微软位于美国华盛顿州的总部 ,才能接触到剩余 3 %包含最敏感技术…