三维非理想高磁雷诺数磁流体流动的数值模拟

对三维高磁雷诺数下非理想可压磁流体方程组发展了基于TVD的守恒格式.八波模型磁流体方程组属于非严格的非凸双曲型方程组,Powell对该方程组进行了修正并建立了一组新的磁流体方程组.修正后的方程组形式上非守恒,不能直接采用守恒型格式.针对该方程组构造了基于TVD的守恒格式,并通过一维磁流体激波管问题进行了验证;对不同情况下的非定常磁流体Rayleigh问题和定常Hartmann问题数值模拟结果和解析解的比较说明算法可靠性较高,可采用此算法对高磁雷诺数下的磁流体问题（如宇宙磁流体问题、钝头体高超声速绕流）进行有效的数值模拟.     

磁流体微观结构的模拟与控制方法研究

考虑磁流体中粒子受力及运动特性, 运用分子动力学模拟方法研究了磁流体的三维微观结构, 计算模拟了磁流体在有、无外加磁场作用下的微观结构, 分析了粒子体积份额、磁偶极子作用势以及外加磁场作用势对磁流体微观结构的影响. 结果表明在无外加磁场作用时, 磁流体中的磁性粒子呈现无序状态, 粒子会聚集成团; 在外加磁场条件下, 磁流体中的磁性粒子沿磁场方向取向形成链状结构, 且随着粒子体积份额的增加、磁偶极子作用势以及外加磁场作用势的增大, 链状结构更为明显.     

基于PIV技术的温度敏感型磁流体无泵流回路的实验研究

建立了温度敏感型磁流体无泵流冷却回路实验系统，采用粒子示踪测速技术（PIV）对整个回路中的流场进行了测量，实验研究了不同加热、冷却功率下回路的流动传热性能，分析了磁场及温度场的协同作用对回路性能的影响．结果显示：温度敏感型磁流体在外加适当磁场及温差时可以持续流动，将热量从热端传递到冷端并循环工作；系统冷却性能受到磁场及温度场的协同作用影响．     

泡沫铝／环氧树脂复合材料压缩力学行为的仿真分析

根据所制备的开孔泡沫铝／环氧树脂复舍材料的结构特点，对其材料结构进行了合理的简化。在此基础上采用ANSYS／KS—DYNA软件对该材料的压缩力学行为进行有限元仿真分析；得出了该材料在压缩过程中的变形和失效过程以及应力-应变关系随其结构参数（泡沫铝孔径、泡沫铝相等密度）及应变率的变化规律。如上规律与已有文献的物理实验研究结果相一致，从而证明了该仿真方法的合理可行性，为泡沫铝孔洞填充复合材料的性能研究提供了一种新方法。     

泡沫铝在钢球磨煤机隔声罩中的应用研究

分析了钢球磨煤机噪声产生的原因，提出将泡沫铝应用在磨煤机隔声罩中的观点，建立了泡沫铝-玻璃棉-钢板层合板的吸声系数数学模型，并对其数值计算。结果表明，用泡沫铝取代目前磨煤机隔声罩中的阻尼层和护面层可提高隔声罩的降噪性能，且提高其环保性能。     

非均质材料凝固过程分析——理论和实验

分析了两相非均质材料（如闭孔泡沫金属）的凝固过程,给出了可以精确预测非均质材料凝固界面位置以及凝固所需时间的解析解。用蒸馏水作为连续介质,采用试验及数值模拟分别对泡沫金属的凝固过程以及单个孔周围的材料凝固行为进行了研究,结果与理论预测吻合良好。在此基础上,定量分析了孔隙率、孔的形状（如三角形、五边形、圆形孔）等对凝固过程的影响,确定了多孔介质等效热传导系数理论中的孔形状因子。     

W-AlN高温太阳光谱选择吸收涂层的结构优化与实验验证

选取W-AlN金属-介质型选择性吸收涂层为研究对象,用金属W作为红外反射层,W-AlN作为吸收层,AlN作为减反层,利用Mathematica软件对该涂层的金属W体积分数和吸收层、减反层的厚度等参数进行优化计算,优化结果表明:吸收层中金属W的体积分数对涂层的选择吸收性能有直接影响;与高金属吸收层相比,低金属吸收层的厚度对涂层选择吸收性能的影响较显著;低/高金属吸收层中金属W体积分数的最优值分别为0.2/0.8,而最优厚度分别为0.1/0.05mm,此时涂层的吸收率为0.841,发射率为0.021;加入厚度为0.06mm的AlN减反层后,吸收率达到0.920,发射率为0.022;加入厚度适当的减反层可以有效提高涂层的吸收率,同时也会使发射率随之增加;增加减反层和低金属吸收层厚度都会使涂层的反射率骤升阈值波长发生红移.利用磁控溅射方法在抛光的不锈钢表面制备了W/W-AlN/AlN选择吸收涂层,各层膜厚度和吸收层中金属体积分数都严格遵循优化结果,测试所得涂层的反射率曲线、吸收率和发射率均与优化结果符合良好.     

添加羰基铁粉的聚氨酯泡沫特征参数辨识及低频吸声性能研究

探究羰基铁粉添加和聚醚多元醇与异氰酸酯不同比例对聚氨酯泡沫的物理特征参数和低频吸声性能的影响,旨在改善传统聚氨酯泡沫的低频吸声效果.首先基于JCA(Johnson-Champoux-Allard)模型,采用最小二乘法估算磁性聚氨酯泡沫的物理特征参数(流阻率、孔隙率、曲折率、黏性特征长度、热性特征长度),同时基于传递函数法,利用双通道阻抗管,测量聚氨酯/磁性聚氨酯泡沫在64~1600 Hz的吸声性能.结果表明,相同比例聚醚多元醇与异氰酸酯的聚氨酯/磁性聚氨酯泡沫,羰基铁粉的加入会明显改变聚氨酯泡沫的特征参数,其中流阻率和孔隙率均增加,增加范围分别为82.9%~211.3%和0.8%~5.3%,曲折率降低范围为32.7%~74.5%,黏性特征长度降低范围为81.4%~94.0%,但热性特征长度无明显变化.同时在64~500 Hz范围内的低频吸声性能均显著改善,特别是聚醚多元醇与异氰酸酯比例为100:60时,因加入羰基铁粉,使得磁性聚氨酯泡沫与聚氨酯泡沫相比,其低频吸声性能能够提高64%.该新型智能磁性聚氨酯泡沫有望通过调整特征参数来满足不同频段吸声的功能需求,可对智能吸声降噪器件的优化设计提供一定的参考价值.     

非正弦供电多相感应电机稳态性能分析

性能分析是电机优化设计的基础,由于非正弦供电多相感应电机稳态性能分析计算远比传统三相感应电机复杂,进行相关研究则具有理论意义与实用价值.在3次谐波注入的非正弦供电多相感应电机中,以基波等值电路与3次谐波等值电路为计算工具,考虑气隙磁场的非对称分布性并用拓展分布磁路法计算基波与3次谐波感应电动势,通过3层迭代计算出给定稳态运行工况下的基波与3次谐波电流等变量进而得到电机的性能指标,分析中强调了对节点气隙磁密的内层迭代过程与对激磁电流的中间层迭代过程不同于传统三相感应电机相应迭代过程的特点.以非正弦供电十五相感应电机原理样机为例,分析了不同稳态工况下的运行性能,计算结果与实验结果相互吻合说明了分析计算方法具有高的准确度.     

金属半固态成型发展现状及展望

金属半固态成形技术具有短流程、近净形生产的特点,并且成形产品的组织性能优良、工模具寿命明显延长,因此受到了世界各国的广泛重视.本文综述了国内外半固态成形的应用及其计算机数值模拟技术和模拟方法的研究现状,并对金属半固态成形技术今后的发展研究方向进行了展望.     

磁场处理对农作物产生的效应概述

大量研究表明，当生物体所处的磁场环境发生变化时，会产生各种各样的效应。本文综述了磁场处理对农作物产生的效应研究进展。     

壳聚糖磁性光敏剂血卟啉衍生物微球的制备及其体外表征研究

目的制备壳聚糖包覆的磁性光敏剂血卟啉衍生物微球并考察其体外表征。方法以五羰基铁为原料制备羰基铁粉纳米颗粒,非溶剂法将羰基铁粉纳米颗粒与光敏剂血卟啉衍生物HPD复合,并用壳聚糖包覆制备成壳聚糖包覆磁性血卟啉衍生物微球(CS-M-HPD)。使用电子显微镜、激光粒度仪、X-射线衍射仪和磁力测定仪考察微球的表征。结果检测结果表明该微球为球形,分散性良好,粒径大多集中在290～300 nm。微球羰基铁粉纯度高,呈现优良磁性。结论本研究实现了壳聚糖对磁性HPD的包覆,得到了单分散性磁性HPD微球,为进一步研究该微球靶向光动力治疗肿瘤的生物活性奠定了实验基础。     

Magnetic orientation and celestial cues in migratory orientation

Summary Young birds on their first migration possess innate information on the direction of their migration route. It is present in two forms, using celestial rotation and the geomagnetic field as references. These two systems, together with information provided by factors associated with sunset, interact in a complex way to establish the migratory direction. During ontogeny, celestial rotation appears to be dominant; during migration, however, celestial cues appear to be controlled by the magnetic field. The factors associated with sunset — the view of the setting sun, the characteristic pattern of polarized light — are important secondary cues which seem to derive their directional significance from the magnetic field. Their role appears to be more variable, with possible species-specific differences. During spring migration and later autumn migrations, flying in the migratory direction is complemented by navigational processes which enable the birds to return to a specific home site known from previous stays.     

Magnetic inclination compass: A basis for the migratory orientation of birds in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere

We conducted orientation experiments with Silvereyes,Zosterops lateralis, Australian passerine migrants, to see whether birds living in the Southern Hemisphere in a magnetic field with an upward inclination orient in the same way as birds in the Northern Hemisphere that experience a downward inclination of the magnetic field. Tested indoors in the local geomagnetic field, the birds preferred southerly directions corresponding to their migratory direction in spring. In a magnetic field with a reversed vertical component, they reversed their directional tendencies. This shows that the magnetic compass of Silvereyes also functions as an inclination compass based on the inclination of the field lines instead of the polarity.     

Magnetic resonance microscopy: in vivo sectioning of a developing insect

Summary The utility of magnetic resonance imaging vis-a-vis insect morphology and development was investigated. MRI is a noninvasive technique that distinguishes between tissues based on proton content and proton environment. At present a resolution of 100 m is achievable. The technique avoids fixation artifacts and allows the detection of motion within the organism.     

一种基于Markov随机场模型的核磁共振图像分割方法

为了提高核磁共振(MR)图像分割的效果,提出了一种基于Markov随机场模型的分割方法。该方法利用Markov随机场描述图像的先验分布,结合MAP准则获得分割优化函数,通过ICM局部迭代使分割优化函数收敛。迭代过程中引入了后验概率矩阵的平滑;提高了分割的精度和速度。实测数据的实验结果证明了所提方法的有效性。     

Magnetic resonance and the human brain: anatomy, function and metabolism

The introduction and development, over the last three decades, of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR spectroscopy technology for in vivo studies of the human brain represents a truly remarkable achievement, with enormous scientific and clinical ramifications. These effectively non-invasive techniques allow for studies of the anatomy, the function and the metabolism of the living human brain. They have allowed for new understandings of how the healthy brain works and have provided insights into the mechanisms underlying multiple disease processes which affect the brain. Different MR techniques have been developed for studying anatomy, function and metabolism. The primary focus of this review is to describe these different methodologies and to briefly review how they are being employed to more fully appreciate the intricacies associated with the organ, which most distinctly differentiates the human species from the other animal forms on earth. Received 1 November 2005; received after revision 11 January 2006; accepted 25 January 2006     

场助纳米二氧化钛薄膜光催化降解甲紫的研究

纳米二氧化钛是一种重要的无机功能材料。本文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO_2薄膜,利用"场助"影响其光催化特性。光催化实验以可能具有致癌性并且难以生化降解的三苯甲烷类染料——甲紫作为降解物质,用2100型分光光度计来测量降解率,以确定电场、磁场强度对光催化特性的影响。光催化实验结果表明,外加电场(未参与水的电解)、磁场对于协助光催化降解甲紫有着明显的效果。随着外加电场、磁场强度的增加,甲紫溶液的降解率有大幅提高。反应符合一级动力学方程。     

Biological responses inCaenorhabditis elegans to high magnetic fields

Here we describe a device for testing possible influences of high magnetic fields on biological processes, by which alternating-current magnetic stimuli as high as 1.7 T can be administered. Experiments with a simple multicellular organism, the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, revealed that intermittent exposure to the magnetic fields modestly inhibited the animal's reproduction as well as its post-embryonic development, and caused a marked but transient derangement in its locomotory behavior. Available evidence indicates that alternating high magnetic fields can elicit both chronic and acute biological effects, but that the effects may be well tolerated or compensated for by the living organism.     

Magnetic compass orientation in the subterranean rodentCryptomys hottentotus (Bathyergidae)

Summary To test whether mole-ratsCryptomys hottentotus were able to use the magnetic field for orientation, laboratory experiments were conducted which were based on the animals' spontaneous tendency to build their nests at the same position in a circular arena. In the local geomagnetic field, the animals preferred the SE-sector. When magnetic north was turned by 120^o or by 180^o, the mole-rats changed their nest position accordingly. This clearly shows that they can use the magnetic field for direction finding.