我国城市化进程定量评价及影响因素分析

为深入研究城市化质量问题,从经济、社会、人口、生态四个方面构建了城市化评价指标体系,并根据所构建的城市化评价指标体系,从国家统计年鉴中选取43类指标来评价1995年到2010年我国城市化进程的发展水平,以因子分析法为基础,构建了城市进程发展指数,对我国城市化进程的持续性和影响因素进行了定量评价。研究显示:工业和第三产业是我国城市化的主要动力,同时,在医疗教育、能源利用方面仍有待提高。     

“涌现成本”及城市规模研究

城市聚集作用引起的“涌现”现象极大的推动了城市及所在地区的发展。本文在分析城市化过程中出现的“涌现”现象的同时进一步分析了城市因“涌现”而付出的代价，即“涌现”成本，其中包括城市基本成本、社会成本及环境成本，并试图寻找在“涌现”效益与“涌现”成本共同影响下的合理城市规模，通过结合对已有理论成果的研究对城市规模与这二者的关系进行分析找出理论上的合理城市规模。最后得出结论并结合我国城市化现状简要提出有助于我国城市化发展的借鉴性意见。     

基于巴斯扩散模型的中国新型城市化包容性发展预测

新型城市化包容性发展是一种新的发展模式,准确把握其发展特征和趋势有助于促进城市和谐发展。本文在辨明新型城市化包容性发展的内涵的基础上,从高效发展、公平发展、友好发展三个维度构建指标体系,使用巴斯扩散模型预测中国的东部、中部、西部和东北部四大区域未来8年的发展趋势,进而通过对比分析提出政策启示。结果显示:四大区域各指标权重相似,但东部受友好发展维度影响较大,东北部受高效发展维度影响较大;四大区域的新型城市化包容性发展主要受已有的相关发展成果激励;东部将最早达到峰值得分,中部和西部其次,东北部将最慢,但峰值得分从大到小的排序与扩散速度相反;这一自然得分趋势会对区域的发展造成相应的助力或阻力。     

第二次现代化理论与中国现代化

第二次现代化理论认为：人类社会的发展可分为四个,即原始,农业社会,工业社会和知识社会,第一个阶段又分为四个时期,即起步期,发展期,成就期和过渡期;从农业社会向工业社会的转移过程是第一次现代化,从工业社会向知识社会的转移过程是第二次现代化。     

城市建设现代化水平评价模型研究

城市建设现代化是城市化进程中的关键指标,也是衡量社会经济文化发展水平的重要标识.本文对城市建设现代化的相关概念进行了分析与探讨,逐层剖析城市建设的状况与特征,建立城市建设现代化评价指标体系,从城建规划控制、城建设施水平、城建综合管理、城建资金人员4个角度评价城市建设的现代化水平,并在城市研究尺度链中选择江苏省域尺度作为研究层次,对评价结果进行了分析,进而向可操作、可调控的发展方向做出努力.     

形式、功能与认知:建筑绿化在绿色建筑与生态城市中的角色

在当代城市高密度发展条件下,生态城市、可持续发展、绿色建筑等语义背景下,建筑绿化提供了将人工建成环境与自然环境相结合的契机,是近年来发展迅速的一个领域.城市绿化设施,包括城市公园、街道种植、绿色走廊、建筑绿化、私人花园等,被认为对于改善城市环境、维持城市生态系统、净化城市土壤、空气质量等均具有至关重要的作用.作为城市绿化设施的组成部分,建筑绿化在城市环境中扮演何种角色,与其他绿化设施类型是否具有同等的价值?近期的一些研究和文献综述强调了建筑绿化对于建筑单体热工性能改善或建筑美学价值,较少有研究从城市角度综合评估建筑绿化的贡献;目前国内的建筑实践也极少有从城市规划层面对建筑绿化进行设计.本文通过文献回顾近年来建筑绿化领域的相关研究成果,以科学的证据来理解建筑绿化在城市内不同尺度下扮演的角色,包括它对于绿色建筑本身的意义以及在生态城市环境、社会和经济方面的特征与贡献.依据文献线索,构建了建筑绿化的类型、功能与生态城市要素,以及相互关系和作用的跨学科概念性框架,并提出未来在此领域的研究和实践方向.     

发达国家生物科技企业培育孵化特点及对我国的启示

当前,全球都在加强生物产业的战略布局,以期在新一轮的生物经济竞争中占据更加有利的位置。为确保我国生物产业抓住新机遇、增强国际竞争优势并赢取产业红利,本文重点研究分析了生物科技企业的发展特点,剖析了国内外生物科技企业培育孵化情况,并指出目前国内生物科技企业的培育孵化工作在孵化模式、机制体制以及创业生态打造方面与发达国家相比还存在较大差距。此外,随着国内一系列创新创业政策的实施,国内营造了良好的创业环境和社会氛围,国内生物科技企业发展面临重要发展机遇。文章建议借鉴国外生物科技企业先进培育孵化经验,重点从孵化政策创新、服务体系搭建、创业资源聚集等多方面改进完善,为推进我国生物科技企业培育孵化工作做出贡献。     

智慧城市研究演进路径、热点及前沿的可视化分析——基于Web of Science数据库的文献计量

随着信息化深度影响,智慧城市已成为城市建设与发展的新型形态,也是实践界与学术界极为关注的研究主题。为系统全面地把握智慧城市研究脉络,为我国智慧城市建设、发展及研究提供有益参考,本文以Web of Science核心集合中1999—2017年发表的2311篇文献为数据来源,科学运用Histcite、SATI、Citespace等可视化软件综合分析文献数据。研究结果表明:1)智慧城市研究演进路径已经历了探索期、初步成长期、深入发展期等三个阶段; 2)智慧城市研究热点分为建设目标与发展策略、管理与应用、技术支撑等三类; 3)智慧城市研究前沿包括智慧社区、能源效率、智慧治理、众包服务、绩效、开放数据等方面。     

科技政策、科研管理评论与报道

国外新闻日本推出第三期科学技术基本计划草案以日本首相小泉纯一郎为议长的日本综合科学技术会议基本政策专门调查会提出从2006年开始实施为期五年的第三期科学技术基本计划草案。据共同社报道,在预算方面作为支持重点的专业领域仍以生命科学、信息通信、环境、超微细技术(纳米技术)·材料四个领域为主,此外,还要推进能源技术、制造技术、交通网络等社会基础技术和宇宙、海洋开发等前沿科学领域的研究开发。第三期科学技术基本计划草案的基本方针是把科研成果回报给社会和国民;预算分配上重视人才培养甚于完善设备;创造适于年轻人脱颖而出…     

城市街道峡谷通风与空气污染研究进展

随着快速高强度的城镇化进程,机动车尾气污染暴露更为严重。城市街道峡谷(街谷)因人群活动频繁且污染严重而备受关注。街谷通风与空气污染评价指标可分为街谷通风能力、污染扩散能力、污染物浓度3类,影响因素包括街谷形态、街谷建筑屋顶与形态、街谷走向与风向、街谷设施4个方面。依据现有研究,提出若干城市规划建议,并指出如下几个潜在的研究方向:1)发展综合考虑不同人群特点的评价指标;2)探索评价指标与影响因素之间的函数关系;3)不对称街谷研究;4)临街建筑的设计研究;5)太阳辐射影响时空动态研究;6)街谷设施的最佳配置;7)结合具体城市特点给出规划建议;8)耦合光化学过程、颗粒动力学和人为热等。     

The politics of environments before the environment: Biopolitics in the longue durée

Our understanding of body–world relations is caught in a curious contradiction. On one side, it is well established that many concepts that describe interaction with the outer world – ‘plasticity’ or ‘metabolism’- or external influences on the body - ‘environment’ or ‘milieu’ – appeared with rise of modern science. On the other side, although premodern science lacked a unifying term for it, an anxious attentiveness to the power of ‘environmental factors’ in shaping physical and moral traits held sway in nearly all medical systems before and alongside modern Europe. In this article, I build on a new historiography on the policing of bodies and environments in medieval times and at the urban scale to problematize Foucault's claim about biopolitics as a modern phenomenon born in the European eighteenth-century. I look in particular at the collective usage of ancient medicine and manipulation of the milieu based on humoralist notions of corporeal permeability (Hippocrates, Galen, Ibn Sīnā) in the Islamicate and Latin Christendom between the 12th and the 15th century. This longer history has implications also for a richer genealogy of contemporary tropes of plasticity, permeability and environmental determinism beyond usual genealogies that take as a starting point the making of the modern body and EuroAmerican biomedicine.     

环渤海地区环境污染问题演化及其对策

环渤海地区是我国经济增长的第三极。随着该地区工农业生产的迅速发展和新型产业的崛起,其环境污染问题日益突出。本文从环渤海地区水体污染、大气污染和土壤环境污染三个角度,对该地区环境污染问题的演化进行了宏观意义上的分析和预测,并据此提出了解决该地区环境污染问题的对策措施。     

The National Science Foundation and philosophy of science's withdrawal from social concerns

At some point during the 1950s, mainstream American philosophy of science began increasingly to avoid questions about the role of non-cognitive values in science and, accordingly, increasingly to avoid active engagement with social, political and moral concerns. Such questions and engagement eventually ceased to be part of the mainstream. Here we show that the eventual dominance of ‘value-free’ philosophy of science can be attributed, at least in part, to the policies of the U.S. National Science Foundation's “History and Philosophy of Science” sub-program. In turn, the sub-program's policies were set by logical empiricists who espoused value-free philosophy of science; these philosophers' actions, we also point out, fit a broad pattern, one in which analytic philosophers used institutional control to marginalize rival approaches to philosophy. We go on to draw on existing knowledge of this pattern to suggest two further, similar, contributors to the withdrawal from value-laden philosophy of science, namely decisions by the editors of Philosophy of Science and by the editors of The Journal of Philosophy. Political climate was, we argue, at most an indirect contributor to the withdrawal and was neither a factor that decided whether it occurred nor one that was sufficient to bring it about. Moreover, we argue that the actions at the National Science Foundation went beyond what was required by its senior administrators and are better viewed as part of what drove, rather than as what was being driven by, the adoption of logical empiricism by the philosophy of science community.     

‘The Great Fiasco’ of the 1948 presidential election polls: status recognition and norms conflict in social science

All three ‘scientific’ pollsters (Crossley, Gallup and Roper) wrongly predicted incumbent President Harry Truman’s defeat in the 1948 presidential election, and thus faced a potentially serious legitimacy crisis. This ‘fiasco’ occurred at a most inopportune time. Social science was embroiled in a policy debate taking place in the halls of Congress. It was fighting a losing battle to be included, along with the natural sciences, in the National Science Foundation, for which legislation was being drafted. Faced with the failure of the polls, the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) intervened quickly to prevent social science’s adversaries from using this event to degrade further its status. After all, many social scientists considered the sample survey as the paramount tool of social research, and sampling as one of social science’s greatest innovation. Concurrently, there was an ongoing conflict among polling practitioners themselves—between advocates of probability sampling and users of quotas, like the pollsters. The SSRC committee appointed to evaluate the polling debacle managed to keep this contentious issue of sampling from becoming the centre of attention. Given the inauspicious environment in which this event happened, the SSRC did not wish to advertise the fact that the house of social science was in turmoil.     

外来物种水葫芦的生态环境效应

任何外来物种均是“双刃剑”，其带来的生态环境效应有利有弊。在当前全面否定外来物种的形势下，如何正确客观评估水葫芦这样的外来种的生态环境效应成为一项迫切工作。本文从辩证的角度出发，论述水葫芦的生态环境效应(正、负)。水葫芦二十世纪初引入中国后作为家禽饲料推广养植，带来了牲畜饲料、改良水质、抑制藻类、供作绿肥、沤制沼气、栽培草菇等积极的生态环境效应，也带来了阻塞航道、影响水产养殖产量和质量、降低水体物种丰富度，破坏水体生物多样性、污染水体、加剧富营养化、使用后的二次污染等生态环境负效应。引种前缺乏对外来物种理性而全面的认识是水葫芦危害的根源，而引种后缺乏有效监控与管理则是水葫芦危害及其扩大化的根本，强化水葫芦的生态效应特别是负效应与生态控制技术开发的深入研究是目前有效规避水葫芦危害的关键。生物控制、水体生态系统调控、人为干预以及合理利用等综合措施应是水葫芦生态控制的重点。     

城镇生活污水处理技术研究进展

随着城市化的发展和人民生活水平的提高，城镇生活污水排放数量大，呈逐年增长趋势，且污水成分日趋复杂，是导致水体环境恶化的重要污染源，城镇生活污水迫切需要治理，本文在对实施城镇生活污水处理难点进行概述的基础上，就近年来采用生物法、膜分离技术和强化一级处理工艺处理城镇生活污水的研究进展、优势和局限性进行了较为系统的分析，探讨了城镇生活污水处理技术的发展方向。     

Does environmental science crowd out non-epistemic values?

While no one denies that science depends on epistemic values, many philosophers of science have wrestled with the appropriate role of non-epistemic values, such as social, ethical, and political values. Recently, philosophers of science have overwhelmingly accepted that non-epistemic values should play a legitimate role in science. The recent philosophical debate has shifted from the value-free ideal in science to questions about how science should incorporate non-epistemic values. This article engages with such questions through an exploration of the environmental sciences. These sciences are a mosaic of diverse fields characterized by interdisciplinarity, problem-orientation, policy-directedness, and ubiquitous non-epistemic values. This article addresses a frequently voiced concern about many environmental science practices: that they ‘crowd out’ or displace significant non-epistemic values by either (1) entailing some non-epistemic values, rather than others, or by (2) obscuring discussion of non-epistemic values altogether. With three detailed case studies – monetizing nature, nature-society dualism, and ecosystem health – we show that the alleged problem of crowding out emerges from active debates within the environmental sciences. In each case, critics charge that the scientific practice in question displaces non-epistemic values in at least one of the two senses distinguished above. We show that crowding out is neither necessary nor always harmful when it occurs. However, we do see these putative objections to the application of environmental science as teaching valuable lessons about what matters for successful environmental science, all things considered. Given the significant role that many environmental scientists see for non-epistemic values in their fields, we argue that these cases motivate lessons about the importance of value-flexibility (that practices can accommodate a plurality of non-epistemic values), transparency about value-based decisions that inform practice, and environmental pragmatism.     

From ‘Beastly Philosophy’ to Medical Genetics: Eugenics in Russia and the Soviet Union

This essay offers an overview of the three distinct periods in the development of Russian eugenics: Imperial (1900–1917), Bolshevik (1917–1929), and Stalinist (1930–1939). Began during the Imperial era as a particular discourse on the issues of human heredity, diversity, and evolution, in the early years of the Bolshevik rule eugenics was quickly institutionalized as a scientific discipline—complete with societies, research establishments, and periodicals—that aspired an extensive grassroots following, generated lively public debates, and exerted considerable influence on a range of medical, public health, and social policies. In the late 1920s, in the wake of Joseph Stalin's ‘Great Break’, eugenics came under intense critique as a ‘bourgeois’ science and its proponents quickly reconstituted their enterprise as ‘medical genetics’. Yet, after a brief period of rapid growth during the early 1930s, medical genetics was dismantled as a ‘fascist science’ towards the end of the decade. Based on published and original research, this essay examines the factors that account for such an unusual—as compared to the development of eugenics in other locales during the same period—historical trajectory of Russian eugenics.     

The origins and early years of the Magnetic and Meteorological department at Greenwich Observatory, 1834-1848*

As one of his first acts upon becoming Astronomer Royal in 1835, George Airy made moves to set up a new observatory at Greenwich to study the Earth’s magnetic field. This paper uses Airy’s correspondence to argue that, while members of the reform movement in British science were putting pressure on the Royal Observatory to branch out into geomagnetism and meteorology, Airy established the magnetic observatory on his own initiative, ahead of Alexander von Humboldt’s request for British participation in the worldwide magnetic charting project that later became known as the ‘Magnetic Crusade’. That the Greenwich magnetic observatory did not become operational until 1839 was due to a series of incidental factors that provide a case study in the technical and political obstacles to be overcome in building a new government observatory. Airy attached less importance to meteorology than he did to geomagnetism. In 1840, he set up a full programme of meteorological observations at Greenwich – and thus turned his magnetic observatory into the ‘Magnetic and Meteorological department’ – only as the price of foiling an attempt by Edward Sabine and others in the London scientific elite to found a rival magnetic and meteorological observatory. Studying the origins of Airy’s Magnetic and Meteorological department highlights how important the context of other institutions and trends in science is to understanding the development of Britain’s national observatory.