镉污染土壤的植物修复研究进展与展望

近年来,重金属镉(Cd)及其复合污染问题越来越受到人们的关注.Cd污染土壤的植物修复技术因其具有治理成本的低廉性、环境美学的兼容性和治理过程的原位性等优势,随之成为具有广泛应用前景的技术.本文概述了Cd超积累植物的筛选及耐性机理与修复潜力的评价等方面的国内外进展,总结了Cd-重金属复合污染土壤、Cd-有机物复合污染土壤的植物修复相关的重要工作,着重评述了Cd复合污染土壤的化学强化、农业生态强化及其它方法的研发现状,展望了这一领域今后的重点研究内容和重要发展方向.     

植物修复重金属与多环芳烃污染土壤强化措施研究进展

重金属和多环芳烃是土壤环境中的重要污染物，其复合污染土壤的修复已成为环境科学研究的热点问题。植物修复技术是目前修复土壤复合污染重要方法之一，但植物本身修复能力有限，需借助化学、微生物、基因工程等手段对其修复效果进行强化。本文对国内外近几年来植物修复重金属-多环芳烃复合污染强化措施研究成果进行综述，并重点讨论了植物根际生长促进菌及菌根在强化修复中的应用，在此基础上对未来该领域需要深入研究的科学问题进行了阐述。     

我国污染土壤生物修复技术研究现状及发展展望

以文献统计的方式对2006~2015年国内学者在中国知网和Web of science中发表的相关文献进行统计分析,综述了我国污染土壤生物修复技术的10年研究进展。结果显示:近10年我国土壤生物修复技术的研究热度不断上升,主要研究对象为重金属污染土壤和有机物污染土壤,总体分为机理研究和试验研究,且后者居多。在此基础上,本文简要介绍了当前主要研究的植物修复技术、微生物修复技术、动物修复技术、生物材料修复技术、生物组合修复技术及物理、化学、生物联合修复技术6种生物修复技术的原理、优缺点及研究现状等内容,并指出了未来生物修复技术在修复原理、针对性、经济性、风险、强化措施、应用范围等方面的发展方向。     

植物-微生物联合修复重金属污染土壤研究进展

通过总结近年来植物与菌根真菌、根瘤菌以及非共生微生物联合修复重金属污染土壤研究的最新成果，深入探究植物-微生物的联合修复机理。旨在为新发现的超富集植物构建微生物强化修复措施。认为以植物-微生物联合修复为核心，辅以一些化学强化措施是未来的发展方向。     

中原油田周边土壤中PAHs的污染特征及评价

2006年12月和2007年7月两次采集中原油田周边土壤样品,测定了16种优先监控的PAHs的污染状况.从区域分布上看,土壤样品中PAHs的含量随着与油泥堆积地距离的增大急剧降低.从季节上看,7月份采集的土壤样品中PAHs的含量显著低于12月份采集的土壤样品中PAHs的含量.两次采集的土壤样品中PAHs的组分特征和荧蒽/芘的比值的分析结果表明,在靠近油泥堆积地的土壤中,PAHs主要来源于石油源,且随着与油泥堆积地距离的增大,石油源的作用逐渐减少,燃烧源的作用逐渐增大,到达一定距离后,燃烧源和石油源共同作用一起成为土壤中PAHs的主要来源.内梅罗综合指数分析评价结果表明,7月份土壤受到PAHs的污染明显轻于12月份.但是,总体而言中原油田周边土壤属于较高生态风险区.     

解译土壤质量演变规律，确保土壤资源持续利用

土壤质量演变机理及调控土壤质量相关技术的研究是国内现代土壤学研究的热点,也是各国政府非常关注的问题。土壤质量是土壤提供植物养分和生产生物物质的肥力质量;容纳、降解、净化各种污染物质促进生态平衡的环境质量;劝植物及人类安全的健康质量的综合量底。不继提高土训肥力质量是确保农业高产优质基础;努力改善土壤环境质量是确保土壤（水及空气）等资源可持续利用的关键;深入研究土壤健康质量的理论与相关技术是确保人畜安全和丰富健康的物质生活的重要途径之一。提高土壤质量是农业和伙在社会持续发展的需求。“土壤质量演变规律及土壤资源可持续利用”立为国家重点基础研究发展规划项目后的近两年中已取得了有价值的阶段性成果。     

固化污泥中重金属的溶出特性

固化污泥在天然条件下经受风化作用,其内部碱性物质会不断流失,已被固定的重金属可能会再次溶出.通过酸性中和容量试验和渗透溶滤试验,研究了生活污泥固化体中重金属的溶出特性.酸性中和容量试验结果表明,当浸提液的pH〈6时,污泥固化体的酸性化崩解和重金属存在形态的改变会导致重金属大量溶出.渗透溶滤试验结果显示,在渗透初期,部分重金属可以溶解并被渗透液带出固化体,而在渗透的中后期未见重金属溶出.基于以上试验的结果,建立了预测污泥固化体中重金属稳定化时间的数学模型,模拟计算结果说明,与水泥的掺加量相比,降低渗透系数可以更加有效地控制固化体中重金属的稳定性.     

集约化农业及其环境效应

农业集约化通过使用高产农作物品种、化肥、杀虫剂、灌溉以及农业机械化从根本上提高了粮食作物的产量，在一定程度上缓解了我国快速增长的人口与耕地资源相对不足之间的矛盾。由于受到人多地少这一根本性矛盾的制约，集约化经营将是我国农业长期发展的必由之路。然而，受到资源有限性的限制，片面强调有形物质投入的集约化经营是不可取的，它在浪费资源的同时也造成了生态系统中各生物体之间相互作用的改变及资源利用方式的变化，同时也可能对局部的、区域的乃至全球的环境造成严重的影响，其中诸如集约化农区面源污染造成的水污染、土壤和农产品的硝酸盐污染以及土壤板结、生物多样性降低、大气污染等环境问题，需要人们更加审慎地看待集约化农业。     

金属-有机框架材料的合成及其在水中重金属吸附的应用研究现状

金属-有机框架材料(MOFs)具有设计合成方法多样、合成后易于改性、对重金属吸附量大、平衡时间短等优点,已被广泛研究和应用。近年来,MOFs在水中重金属吸附中的应用研究,成为了十分热门的课题。水稳性是反映吸附材料在水中稳定性的重要参数,具有良好的水稳性是MOFs成功地应用于去除水中重金属离子的前提。本文结合近十年MOFs在重金属吸附领域的研究情况,从MOFs的合成、水稳性、在重金属吸附中的应用、再生与重复利用几个方面,综述了MOFs的合成方法、MOFs的合成后修饰、MOFs的水稳性、MOFs对水中As、Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu等重金属离子的吸附,以及MOFs的再生等的研究现状,并提出了今后MOFs在重金属吸附领域的研究方向,为MOFs在重金属吸附领域中合成与应用提供参考。     

稻草还田翻耕对水稻土微生物及酶的影响研究

稻草直接还田是一条合理利用秸秆资源齐地培肥的有效途径.为了探明翻耕条件下秸秆还田量对土壤生物学特征的影响,为制定舍理的秸秆还田量,用于早稻秸秆还田培肥土壤,减少环境的污染和保障农业的可持续性发展,进行了0%、33%、67%、100%早稻秸秆连续2年覆盖翻耕对水稻土微生物及酶活性的影响研究.结果表明:经过稻草翻耕还田后,稻田土壤的生物学性状得到了一定程度的改善.不同的稻草还田量对土壤微生物数量、微生物活度、土壤酶活性以及土壤微生物作用强度的影响存在差异,33%和67%稻草还田量较0%和100%稻草还田更能改善稻田土壤质量.     

Occurrence of heavy metal binding phytochelatins in plants growing in a mining refuse area

Summary Phytochelatins were identified in roots of heavy metal-sensitiveAcer pseudoplatanus and-resistantSilene cucubalus plants grown in zinc-rich soil of a mine dump. Both plants, when collected from a metal-uncontaminated stand, located nearby, revealed no phytochelatins. Thus, we concluded that metal-binding phytochelatins are specifically induced in plants of heavy metal enriched ecosystems.     

The molecular mechanism of zinc and cadmium stress response in plants

When plants are subjected to high metal exposure, different plant species take different strategies in response to metal-induced stress. Largely, plants can be distinguished in four groups: metal-sensitive species, metal-resistant excluder species, metal-tolerant non-hyperaccumulator species, and metal-hypertolerant hyperaccumulator species, each having different molecular mechanisms to accomplish their resistance/tolerance to metal stress or reduce the negative consequences of metal toxicity. Plant responses to heavy metals are molecularly regulated in a process called metal homeostasis, which also includes regulation of the metal-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway. ROS generation and signaling plays an important duel role in heavy metal detoxification and tolerance. In this review, we will compare the different molecular mechanisms of nutritional (Zn) and non-nutritional (Cd) metal homeostasis between metal-sensitive and metal-adapted species. We will also include the role of metal-induced ROS signal transduction in this comparison, with the aim to provide a comprehensive overview on how plants cope with Zn/Cd stress at the molecular level.     

Cadmium-induced changes in renal hemodynamics in the domestic fowl

Low i.v. doses of cadmium chloride (15 micrograms Cd) given to pullets resulted in a significant reduction in urine flow (UF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF). However, in hens treated with the heavy metal chelate FeNa EDTA prior to cadmium treatment no oliguria or reduction in GFR or ERPF was observed. It is suggested that the renal changes following the i.v. administration of cadmium to diuretic hens and alleviated in hens primed with the heavy metal chelate may result from changes in glomerular hemodynamics.     

Cadmium-induced changes in renal hemodynamics in the domestic fowl

Summary Low i.v. doses of cadmium chloride (15 g Cd) given to pullets resulted in a significant reduction in urine flow (UF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF). However, in hens treated with the heavy metal chelate FeNa EDTA prior to cadmium treatment no oliguria or reduction in GFR or ERPF was observed.It is suggested that the renal changes following the i. v. administration of cadmium to diuretic hens and alleviated in hens primed with the heavy metal chelate may result from changes in glomerular hemodynamics.     

Zur biologischen Bedeutung von Fe3+ und Cu2+ als Komplexbildner

Summary The possible role of the metabolism of heavy metal ions in the process of ageing is discussed. It is suggested that, during this process, Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ as strong complexing ions, inhibit the activity of other metal enzymes by replacing their metal ion-activator. The relative stability of Cu²⁺- and Fe³⁺-complexes with various chelating compounds related to biological systems has been determined.     

Absorption and translocation of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxine by plants from polluted soil

Summary Measurements were made of contamination of plants grown in soil polluted with tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxine. Findings show that the pollutant is absorbed and translocated by the plants studied and suggest that the pollutant may be eliminated in the course of time.Acknowledgment. This research was sponsored by the Regional Government of Lombardy, Italy. The authors would like to thank Prof. Marrè for his continuous interest and for the fruitful discussion.     

Metal binding to myosin and to myosin DTNB-light chain

Summary The effects of various divalent cations, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺ on the intrinsic fluorescence of heavy meromyosin (HMM) and myosin 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoate) DTNB-light chain of rabbit striated muscle, are compared. At pH 6.4, the fluorescence change induced by the metal ions is present only in the isolated light chain and disappears in HMM, thus indicating an interaction between the heavy and light chains with respect to the binding of the metal ions. Whereas Mg²⁺ binds more strongly than Ca²⁺ to myosin, this order is reversed in the case of the DTNB-light chain.     

Accumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from soil and nutrient solution by bean and maize plants

Summary Maize and bean plants grown on soil polluted with³H-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (³H-TCDD) accumulated the toxin in the aerial parts progressively with the time and with the soil contamination. Plants in hydroponic solution polluted with³H-TCDD accumulated the toxin in the aerial parts in the light and not in the dark; the concentration of TCDD accumulated was not proportional to the surface area of plant organs; the distribution of³H-TCDD in the leaves suggested that TCDD was translocated through the vessels to the aerial parts by the transpiration stream.     

Heavy metal accumulation by bacteria and other microorganisms

Summary Bacteria, and other microorganisms, exhibit a number of metabolism-dependent and-independent processes or the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals and radionuclides. The removal of such harmful substances from effluents and waste waters by microbe-based technologies may provide an alternative or additional means of metal/radionuclide recovery for economic reasons and/or environmental protection. Both living and dead cells as well as products derived from or produced by microorganisms can be effective metal accumulators and there is evidence that some biomass-based clean-up processes are economically viable. However, many aspects of metal-microbe interactions remain unexploited in biotechnology and further development and application is necessary, particularly to the problem of radionuclide release into the environment.