应重视战略性科技问题的研究

本文探讨了战略性科技问题的定义和范围,分析了研究战略性科技问题的意义,介绍了有关国家开展战略性科技问题研究的近况,概述了我国开展战略性科技问题研究的现状和问题,最后指出了战略性科技问题研究与科技战略的关联。     

美国科技发展模式特征及对中国的启示

科技发展模式是对国家科技发展的高度概括与总结，选择合理的科技发展模式是实现国家整体发展战略的重要组成部分。本文深入剖析了美国科技发展模式的基本特点及形成条件，为我国制定21世纪的中长期科技发展战略提供了一些的意见与建议。     

略论科技传媒

科技传媒在科学技术与公众之间起着媒介和联系纽带的作用。现代科学诉迅速发展要求科技传媒人员掌握科技发展的动态，并且有科学上的鉴别能力。作者也对科技传媒界提出了一些建议。     

我国远洋渔业跨世纪发展战略的思考

本文阐释世界远洋渔业发展趋势及其与科技进步的关系，在分析比较了我国远洋渔业的现状后，提出我国远洋业必须走以科技依托的可持续发展道路，并研讨今后加强科技投入的问题。     

中国近代科学技术落后的原因与未来科学技术发展展望

中国是古代世界科学活动中心，然而，近现代世界科学活动的中心转移到了西方国家，中国近代科学技术落后了，笔者认为资本主义生产对科技的需求促进了科技的发展，而在中国漫长的封建社会缺乏这种需求，这是中国近代科技落后的外因；中国古代科技体系结构不合理，科技长期处于经验层次，重视实用技术，轻视理论的提升，这是中国近代科技落后的内国，展望未来，世界科学活动中心否再次转移到中国。     

二战后美国科技政策的演变以及对我国的启示

本文分析了美国二战后科技政策的演变过程，认为可以分为五个阶段。文章介绍了每个阶段美国的科技政策及其背景，研究开发的技术重点，研究开发经费情况，与科技发展有关的重大计划，与科技政策有关的相关法律。重点介绍了美国现政府的科技政策及其对美国经济的影响，最后，文章还就美国科技政策及其演变过程对我国的启示进行了讨论。     

韩国科技工作积极促进和有效服务国家产业发展

本文主要介绍了韩国科技工作在服务于国家产业战略方面所采取的举措，以期对我国的科技发展有所借鉴。     

科技奥运建设不同阶段带动产业发展分析

北京在申奥中第一次明确提出"科技奥运"的理念,作为2008北京奥运会的三大理念之一,科技奥运是举办"有特色、高水平"奥运会的保障,同时也是促进我国相关产业发展的巨大动力.本文从科技奥运建设的实践出发,根据重点工作内容的不同对科技奥运建设进行了阶段划分,并深入分析了科技奥运建设不同阶段带动相关产业发展的机制,为大型活动筹办促进产业发展提供借鉴.     

印度科技政策与科技发展--兼对中印国家创新能力比较

印度科技政策对推动印度科技进步起着重要的促进作用,1958年“科学政策决议”奠定了基本原则,“2003年科学技术政策”明确了印度科技政策目标,还制订了科技战略行动计划。印度科技发展具有科技体制较为完善、科技投入不断增加、科研经费重国防轻民用、科技著作多、专利获得少、科技人才素质高、高科技异军突起等特点。与中国相比,印度国家创新能力评价更高。本文阐述了印度科技政策演变过程,分析了印度科技发展特征,论述了印度十五计划科技发展战略重点,并比较了中印国家创新能力。     

洞见科技发展与竞争态势服务科技创新高质量发展

新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展,新冠肺炎世纪疫情叠加,加速科技创新步伐并加剧了竞争.全球科技呈现出突破性快速发展态势,国际科技创新环境与竞争格局加速调整,我国科技整体实力也迈向系统性提升新阶段.同时,我国正迈入高质量发展新阶段,科技自立自强成为国家发展的战略支撑,现代化建设对科技创新提出五大战略需求,即科技强国目标需...     

The dynamics of reason and its elusive object in Kant, Fichte and Schelling

Kant used transcendental reflection to distinguish in judgment what belongs to its form and what to its material. Regarding the form of judgment, Buchdahl’s work highlights the analogies between the different levels of judgment in Kant’s transcendental ontology. He uses the explicit contingency of judgments of the system of nature to illuminate the contingency of judgments of objects in general. In the Critique of pure reason, Kant had left much of the work of judgment to the unconscious imagination. Fichte and Schelling attempted to make conscious and determinate the work of the unconscious imagination, but found themselves unable to avoid a reflexive regress in trying to objectify and provide a foundation for the activity of the self in judgment. Buchdahl also clarifies the role Kant gave to the object in judgment, as the indeterminate ‘thinghood’ remaining once all forms of cognition are abstracted. Fichte represented this objective side of consciousness as the not-I, as the limit of the activity of the I, as an unconscious, alien element within consciousness. Schelling struggled to illuminate this unconscious object in judgment, to provide a construction of nature, without dissolving its positive presence into abstract formulations. In pursuing relentlessly Kant’s critique of judgment, Fichte and Schelling exposed its opaque points and problematized the ambition to build a complete system of philosophy.     

Cell adhesion in the life cycle ofDictyostelium

three forms of cell adhesion determine the life cycle ofDictyostelium: i) adhesion of bacteria to the surface of the growing amoebae, as the prerequisite for phagocytosis;ii) cell-substrate adhesion, necessary for both locomotion of the amoebae and migration of the slug;iii) cell-cell adhesion, essential for transition from the unicellular to the multicellular stage. Intercellular adhesion has received the most attention, and fruitful approaches have been developed over the past 25 years to identify, purify and characterize cell adhesion molecules. The csA glycoprotein, in particular, which mediates adhesion during the aggregation stage, is one of the best defined cell adhesion molecules. The molecular components involved in phagocytosis and cell-substratum adhesion are less well understood, but the basis has been laid for a systematic investigation of both topics in the near future.     

The bacterial translocase: a dynamic protein channel complex

The major route of protein translocation in bacteria is the so-called general secretion pathway (Sec-pathway). This route has been extensively studied in Escherichia coli and other bacteria. The movement of preproteins across the cytoplasmic membrane is mediated by a multimeric membrane protein complex called translocase. The core of the translocase consists of a proteinaceous channel formed by an oligomeric assembly of the heterotrimeric membrane protein complex SecYEG and the peripheral adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) SecA as molecular motor. Many secretory proteins utilize the molecular chaperone SecB for targeting and stabilization of the unfolded state prior to translocation, while most nascent inner membrane proteins are targeted to the translocase by the signal recognition particle and its membrane receptor. Translocation is driven by ATP hydrolysis and the proton motive force. In the last decade, genetic and biochemical studies have provided detailed insights into the mechanism of preprotein translocation. Recent crystallographic studies on SecA, SecB and the SecYEG complex now provide knowledge about the structural features of the translocation process. Here, we will discuss the mechanistic and structural basis of the translocation of proteins across and the integration of membrane proteins into the cytoplasmic membrane.Received 10 January 2003; received after revision 2 April 2003; accepted 4 April 2003     

Beyond Mendelism and Biometry

Historiographical analyses of the development of genetics in the first decade of the 20th century have been to a great extent framed in the context of the Mendelian-Biometrician controversy. Much has been discussed on the nature, origin, development, and legacy of the controversy. However, such a framework is becoming less useful and fruitful. This paper challenges the traditional historiography framed by the Mendelian-Biometrician distinction. It argues that the Mendelian-Biometrician distinction fails to reflect the theoretical and methodological diversity in the controversy. It also argues that the Mendelian-Biometrician distinction is not helpful to make a full understanding of the development of genetics in the first decade of the twentieth century.     

Vagal afferent innervation of the pylorus and the uper small intestine studied in the rat with the horseradish peroxidase technique

Summary The neuronal tracer horseradish peroxidase was injected into different segments of the gastrointestinal in the rat, in order to study the vagal afferent innervation. In the nodose ganglia the extent of labeling was greater in the experiments on the gastric antrum and pylorus than in the experiments on the first part of the small intestine. Vagal afferents are scarce in the upper doudenum and originate mainly from the left nodose ganglion.     

Theearly andlate processing of lysosomal enzymes: Proteolysis and compartmentation

Lysosomal enzymes are subjected to a number of modifications including carbohydrate restructuring and proteolytic maturation. Some of these reactions support lysosomal targeting, others are necessary for activation or keeping the enzyme inactive before being segregated, while still others may be adventitious. The non-segregated fraction of the enzyme is secreted and can be isolated from the medium. It is considered that the secreted lysosomal enzymes fulfill certain physiological and pathophysiological roles. By comparing the secreted and the intracellular enzymes it is possible to distinguish between the reactions that occur before and after the segregation. In this review the reactions that may influence the segregation are referred to as the early processing and those characteristic for the enzymes isolated from lysosomal compartments as the late processing. The early processing is characterized mainly by modifications of carbohydrate side chains. In the late processing, proteolytic fragmentation represents the most conspicuous changes. The review focuses on the compartmentation of the reactions and the proteolytic fragmentation of lysosomal enzyme precursors. While a plethora of proteolytic reactions are involved, our knowledge of the proteinases responsible for the particular maturation reactions remains very limited. The review points also to work with cells from patients affected with lysosomal storage disorders, which contributed to our understanding of the lysosomal apparatus.     

The membrane component of the ribosomal bodies from the lizardLacerta sicula: a freeze-etching study

Summary We have studied, using the freeze-etching technique, the cytomembranes of the flat cystenae, regularly interposed between the cristalline sheets of ribosomes, inside the ribosomal bodies of the hibernating lizardLacerta sicula. The results show the presence, on the protoplasmic face (PF), of numerous IMPs (intramembrane particles) which can be separated into two populations. The flatter ones appear to be arranged in a regular pattern, with the support of the optical diffraction analysis, can be correlated with the disposition of the ribosomes in the cristalline sheets.6 October 1986     

Chemistry in the French tradition of philosophy of science: Duhem, Meyerson, Metzger and Bachelard

At first glance twentieth-century philosophy of science seems virtually to ignore chemistry. However this paper argues that a focus on chemistry helped shape the French philosophical reflections about the aims and foundations of scientific methods. Despite patent philosophical disagreements between Duhem, Meyerson, Metzger and Bachelard it is possible to identify the continuity of a tradition that is rooted in their common interest for chemistry. Two distinctive features of the French tradition originated in the attention to what was going on in chemistry.French philosophers of science, in stark contrast with analytic philosophers, considered history of science as the necessary basis for understanding how the human intellect or the scientific spirit tries to grasp the world. This constant reference to historical data was prompted by a fierce controversy about the chemical revolution, which brought the issue of the nature of scientific changes centre stage.A second striking—albeit largely unnoticed—feature of the French tradition is that matter theories are a favourite subject with which to characterize the ways of science. Duhem, Meyerson, Metzger and Bachelard developed most of their views about the methods and aims of science through a discussion of matter theories. Just as the concern with history was prompted by a controversy between chemists, the focus on matter was triggered by a scientific controversy about atomism in the late nineteenth-century.     

Cortinarins inCortinarius speciosissimus? A critical revision

Summary Fluorescent cyclic decapeptides, the so-called cortinarins, have been claimed to cause the toxicity of the deadly poisonous mushroomCortinarius speciosissimus. As the structure elucidation described in the literature is doubtful in decisive parts, the proposed structures must be disputed. The present study demonstrates that the fluorescence is mainly due to ergosta-4,6,8 (14),22-tetraen-3-one (8) and to photodecomposition products of the nephrotoxin orellanine (1). Moreover, we were not able to reproduce the isolation of fluorescent or any other cyclic peptides related to cortinarins fromC. speciosissimus, by various methods.