经济型取向电工钢的定位与发展

分析了当前市场电工钢的品种、性能和价格,发现了定向磁场电器产品大量使用无取向电工钢并导致高耗能的不合理现象。提出了价格低于取向电工钢、性能高于高牌号无取向电工钢的新观念,即发展经济型取向电工钢。初步实验研究表明,可以借助薄板坯连铸连轧工业流程生产出经济型取向电工钢。相关的工业产品有待进一步研究开发。     

高纯铝再结晶晶界面的择尤取向

相比于传统的晶体择尤取向（晶体织构,简称织构）,晶界面择尤取向是一个新的科学问题.系统地研究晶界面择尤取向的形成规律和演化机制对合理调控显微组织结构以显著改善材料的各种使用性能具有非常重要的科学意义和应用价值.本文利用基于体视学原理和电子背散射衍射技术的晶界特征分布五参数表征分析方法,研究了冷轧变形高纯铝（99.99%）再结晶晶界面的择尤取向问题.结果表明,在再结晶及晶粒长大过程中,晶界面择尤取向由最初的{2 2 3}晶面转变为{1 1 1}晶面,最后取向在{1 0 0}晶面上.分析指出,冷轧变形高纯铝再结晶组织中,小角度晶界（取向差介于2°~15°）是其晶界构成的主体部分;在晶粒长大过程中,晶体织构由{1 1 0}〈1 1 2〉黄铜织构为主转变为以{0 1 1}〈1 0 0〉高斯织构和{0 2 3}〈1 0 0〉织构共存为主,受晶面能和晶体织构的影响,小角度晶界一般择尤取向于可形成能量较低的倾侧型小角度晶界所对应的晶面上.这是导致高纯铝再结晶晶界面择尤取向随晶粒长大而发生上述规律性变化的主要原因.     

磁流体微观结构的模拟与控制方法研究

考虑磁流体中粒子受力及运动特性, 运用分子动力学模拟方法研究了磁流体的三维微观结构, 计算模拟了磁流体在有、无外加磁场作用下的微观结构, 分析了粒子体积份额、磁偶极子作用势以及外加磁场作用势对磁流体微观结构的影响. 结果表明在无外加磁场作用时, 磁流体中的磁性粒子呈现无序状态, 粒子会聚集成团; 在外加磁场条件下, 磁流体中的磁性粒子沿磁场方向取向形成链状结构, 且随着粒子体积份额的增加、磁偶极子作用势以及外加磁场作用势的增大, 链状结构更为明显.     

小变形冷轧高纯镍三叉晶界退火行为原位研究

采用电子背散射衍射技术研究了厚度减缩量为5%小变形冷轧高纯镍三叉晶界在800℃的退火行为.结果表明:退火初期,在某些三叉晶界处、尤其是至少包含两条一般大角度晶界的三叉晶界处产生了再结晶晶核,这些晶核均与基体成1 1 1/60°取向差关系,关联界面均为非共格Σ3晶界;在进一步退火过程中,这些晶核中的大部分被其他快速长大的晶粒所吞并,此类晶粒是样品中的原有晶粒,它们通过形变诱发晶界迁移的方式快速长大,并在长大过程中激发出大量Σ3n(n=1,2,3…)等重位点阵晶界.分析认为,退火初期,小变形高纯镍三叉晶界处产生与基体成非共格Σ3界面关系的晶核只是起到了释放该处应变集中的作用,对进一步退火过程中晶界特征分布的演化没有本质影响.     

面心立方晶体孪生和滑移轴对称共生塑性变形分析

将Bishop-Hill最大功原理拓展于面心立方晶体{111}<112>孪生和{111}<110>滑移两种机制同时起作用的轴对称共生塑性变形过程之中. 系统研究了孪生对滑移不同临界剪切应力之比 对立方晶体标准投影三角形区各晶体取向的屈服应力状态以及相应活化滑移或/和孪生系的影响, 同时分析了取向空间里[100], [110]和[111]三个重要取向的Taylor因子及屈服强度各向异性的变化规律, 从微观晶体塑性理论本质上揭示了轴对称变形情况下拉伸和压缩屈服强度的不对称性; 引入了孪生能力取向因子概念, 建立了轴对称塑性变形取向空间塑性变形机构图. 在此基础上, 定性地解释了低层错能面心立方晶体在轴对称拉伸情况下形变织构的形成演变规律.     

摩擦处理的取向膜表面液晶分子取向度

液晶取向问题是液晶器件中的最关键问题. 定量分析了摩擦取向处理后, 取向膜表面的液晶分子取向度, 用红外二向色性吸收实验证实了取向膜表面的液晶分子取向度是液晶体内部的1/3~1/2.     

南极无冰区古气候与冰盖进退历史研究进展

环南极洲无冰区就是随着气候变暖、冰川后退而出现,是研究南极乃至全球的自然环境演化历史的理想场所。本文主要介绍了国内外学者在恢复无冰区古气候、古环境演变与冰盖进退历史方面所采用的主要手段和方法,并着重论述了近几年关于南极半岛、西南极和东南极环海岸一带无冰区的冰川作用历史与古气候研究成果,指出了目前研究中所存在的问题,提出了以后研究中所要解决的问题。     

硅单晶上类金刚石薄膜织构和外延取向与界面价电子结构的关系

金刚石和立方氮化硼薄膜由于其优异的性能已经获得了实际应用. 该类薄膜的特定取向对其在光学和微电子学领域的应用有特殊意义. 用固体与分子经验电子理论(EET)计算了衬底硅不同晶面与金刚石和立方氮化硼薄膜不同晶面的相对电子密度差, 从计算结果分析认为, 对所研究的薄膜, 薄膜与基底界面的电子密度差越小, 薄膜在热力学上越稳定, 界面的电子密度差是决定薄膜织构或外延取向的本质原因. 这些推断与实验事实符合得很好. 该计算方法和理论不仅为探讨金刚石和立方氮化硼在硅单晶表面上的薄膜生长机制提供了一个新视角, 还可能为其他薄膜取向的预测提供指导.     

微观相场法研究镍基合金扩散通道取向效应与相间作用机制

基于微观相场动力学模型，以Ni75Al6.0V19.0合金为对象，研究了其相变过程的扩散通道取向效应及其通道形成过程中相间作用机理．研究表明：在弹性错配应力场作用下，V原子会沿着[1001方向形成扩散通道，形成沿其短轴方向生长的D022相，从而促使Al原子在相邻处也沿着相同的方向形成扩散通道，产生L12相的定向生长；应力的升高，取向效应先增强再减弱；在较大应力下，V原子的平均占位较晚达到稳定、Al原子则较早．     

科技全球化的进展研究

本文从技术转移和技术贸易的全球化发展、产业研究与开发的全球化发展和信息技术与通讯技术的全球化发展三个方向,论述了科技全球化发展的进程;并且分析了研究与开发的全球化效应和各国政府的政策取向。     

Semiconduction theory

Conclusions The semiconducting properties of biomacromolecules are a certainty which cannot be neglected when models are proposed for explaining some biological function such as, enzymatic activity of cytochrome oxidase, olfactory transduction, visual reception, properties of the cellular membranes, etc.^6,7,9. Although a perfect correlation does not yet exist between the results of molecular orbital calculations and experimental data regarding the electrical conduction in proteins and nucleic acids⁹, a profound study on the aspects connected with intrinsic mechanisms of conduction in biomacromolecules, as well as on dependence of electrical properties on the impurities acting in vivo, should increase our understanding of biophysical phenomena.     

Cell-to-cell communication in the heart: structure-function correlations

The communicating cell junctions that ensure the electrical and diffusional continuity of the intracellular space in the heart fibres can be switched from their normal conducting, or opened state, to an exceptional non-conducting, or closed state. This electrical uncoupling is observed after cell injury in the presence of Ca2+ ions in the extracellular fluid, after metabolic inhibition and in the presence of aliphatic alcohols (C6 to C9). The correlations between electrical uncoupling and gap junction morphology in the heart are briefly reviewed. A decrease of the distance between P-face particles and between the E-face pits has been found in all investigations, but the functional significance of this observation is not understood at present. A quantitatively very similar decrease of the average particle diameter (about -0.7 nm) has been measured in glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep Purkinje fibres and in unfixed, quickly frozen rat auricles that had been electrically uncoupled by three different procedures. About half of this decrease was reversible on short-term electrical recoupling (within 20 min). It is concluded that a measurable decrease of the connexon diameter correlates with electrical uncoupling.     

Cell-to-cell communication in the heart: structure-function correlations

Summary The communicating cell junctions that ensure the electrical and diffusional continuity of the intracellular space in the heart fibres can be switched from their normal conducting, or opened state, to an exceptional non-conducting or closed state. This electrical uncoupling is observed after cell injury in the presence of Ca²⁺ ions in the extracellular fluid, after metabolic inhibition and in the presence of aliphatic alcohols (C₆ to C₉). The correlations between electrical uncoupling and gap junction morphology in the heart are briefly reviewed. A decrease of the distance between P-face particles and between the E-face pits has been found in all investigations^{3,10,16,18,55}, but the functional significance of this observation is not understood at present. A quantitatively very similar decrease of the average particle diameter (about –0.7 nm) has been measured in glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep Purkinje fibres¹⁶ and in unfixed, quickly frozen rat auricles¹⁸ that had been electrically uncoupled by three different procedures. About half of this decrease was reversible on short-term electrical recoupling (within 20 min). It is concluded that a measurable decrease of the connexon diameter correlates with electrical uncoupling.     

Making sense of absolute measurement: James Clerk Maxwell,William Thomson,Fleeming Jenkin,and the invention of the dimensional formula

During the 1860s, the Committee on Electrical Standards convened by the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) attempted to articulate, refine, and realize a system of absolute electrical measurement. I describe how this context led to the invention of the dimensional formula by James Clerk Maxwell and subsequently shaped its interpretation, in particular through the attempts of William Thomson and Fleeming Jenkin to make absolute electrical measurement intelligible to telegraph engineers. I identify unit conversion as the canonical purpose for dimensional formulae during the remainder of the nineteenth century and go on to explain how an operational interpretation was developed by the French physicist Gabriel Lippmann. The focus on the dimensional formula reveals how various conceptual, theoretical, and material aspects of absolute electrical measurement were taken up or resisted in experimental physics, telegraphic engineering, and electrical practice more broadly, which leads to the conclusion that the integration of electrical theory and telegraphic practice was far harder to achieve and maintain than historians have previously thought. This ultimately left a confusing legacy of dimensional concepts and practices in physics.     

Regulation and electric excitation of enzyme membranes in vitro]

Enzyme membranes can be activated or inhibited by applying continuous or alternating electrical fields. The field can modify the transport or reaction term of the transport-reaction by action on the displacement of charged species including those giving pH effects or inducing volume flows. A first experimental example is given: the progressive supression of the inhibition of hexokinase by the product when increasing alternating fields are applied. In the same way the apparent optimal pH approaches that of the soluble enzyme. In addition to its theoretical and practical implications electrical regulation can lead to the monitoring of enzyme reaction-driven mechanochemical fibers.     

Ionic currents in morphogenesis

Summary Morphogenetic fields must be generated by mechanisms based on known physical forces which include gravitational forces, mechanical forces, electrical forces, or some combination of these. While it is unrealistic to expect a single force, such as a voltage gradient, to be the sole cause of a morphogenetic event, spatial and temporal information about the electrical fields and ion concentration gradients in and around a cell or embryo undergoing morphogenesis can take us one step further toward understanding the entire morphogenetic mechanism. This is especially true because one of the handful of identified morphogens is Ca²⁺, an ion that will not only generate a current as it moves, but which is known to directly influence the plasma membrane's permeability to other ions, leading to other transcellular currents. It would be expected that movements of this morphogen across the plasma membrane might generate ionic currents and gradients of both electrical potential and intracellular concentration. Such ionic currents have been found to be integral components of the morphogenetic mechanism in some cases and only secondary components in other cases. My goal in this review is to discuss examples of both of these levels of involvement that have resulted from investigations conducted during the past several years, and to point to areas that are ripe for future investigation. This will include the history and theory of ionic current measurements, and a discussion of examples in both plant and animal systems in which ionic currents and intracellular concentration gradients are integral components of morphogenesis as well as cases in which they play only a secondary role. By far the strongest cases for a direct role of ionic currents in morphogenesis is the polarizing fucoid egg where the current is carried in part by Ca²⁺ and generates an intracellular concentration gradient of this ion that orients the outgrowth, and the insect follicle in which an intracellular voltage gradient is responsible for the polarized transport from nurse cell to oocyte. However, in most of the systems studied, the experiments to determine if the observed ionic currents are directly involved in the morphogenetic mechanism are yet to be done. Our experience with the fucoid egg and the fungal hypha ofAchlya suggest that it is the change in the intracellular ion concentration resulting from the ionic current that is critical for morphogenesis.     

Ionic currents in morphogenesis

Morphogenetic fields must be generated by mechanisms based on known physical forces which include gravitational forces, mechanical forces, electrical forces, or some combination of these. While it is unrealistic to expect a single force, such as a voltage gradient, to be the sole cause of a morphogenetic event, spatial and temporal information about the electrical fields and ion concentration gradients in and around a cell or embryo undergoing morphogenesis can take us one step further toward understanding the entire morphogenetic mechanism. This is especially true because one of the handful of identified morphogens is Ca2+, an ion that will not only generate a current as it moves, but which is known to directly influence the plasma membrane's permeability to other ions, leading to other transcellular currents. It would be expected that movements of this morphogen across the plasma membrane might generate ionic currents and gradients of both electrical potential and intracellular concentration. Such ionic currents have been found to be integral components of the morphogenetic mechanism in some cases and only secondary components in other cases. My goal in this review is to discuss examples of both of these levels of involvement that have resulted from investigations conducted during the past several years, and to point to areas that are ripe for future investigation. This will include the history and theory of ionic current measurements, and a discussion of examples in both plant and animal systems in which ionic currents and intracellular concentration gradients are integral components of morphogenesis as well as cases in which they play only a secondary role. By far the strongest cases for a direct role of ionic currents in morphogenesis is the polarizing fucoid egg where the current is carried in part by Ca2+ and generates an intracellular concentration gradient of this ion that orients the outgrowth, and the insect follicle in which an intracellular voltage gradient is responsible for the polarized transport from nurse cell to oocyte. However, in most of the systems studied, the experiments to determine if the observed ionic currents are directly involved in the morphogenetic mechanism are yet to be done. Our experience with the fucoid egg and the fungal hypha of Achlya suggest that it is the change in the intracellular ion concentration resulting from the ionic current that is critical for morphogenesis.     

Intercellular communication in smooth muscle.

The functioning of a group of cells as a tissue depends on intercellular communication; an example is the spread of action potentials through intestinal tissue resulting in synchronized contraction. Recent evidence for cell heterogeneity within smooth muscle tissues has renewed research into cell coupling. Electrical coupling is essential for propagation of action potentials in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Metabolic coupling may be involved in generation of pacemaker activity. This review deals with the role of cell coupling in tissue function and some of the issues discussed are the relationship between electrical synchronization and gap junctions, metabolic coupling, and the role of interstitial cells of Cajal in coupling.     

Elektrophysiologische Analyse der Wirkung von Adrenochrom auf das Kaninchengehirn

Summary The action of Adrenochrom on the brain was investigated electrophysiologically on the conscious rabbit. The moderate activation of the somatic behaviour and of the electrical brain-activity can be attributed to an increased activity of the ascending reticular system with simultaneous depression of the medio-thalamic intralaminary recruiting system, as well as to an increased activity of the hippocampus. Specific afferent (somesthetic) systems are only slightly moderated.