专利视角下国际干细胞领域发展态势剖析

以干细胞为主题的相关研究是现今生命科学的前沿和热点之一,本文从专利分析视角出发,以德温特专利分析和评估数据库(TI)中收录的1999—2018年国内外干细胞领域专利数据为研究对象,综合运用文献计量和可视化方法,对检索出来的全球干细胞技术专利数量、地域分布、技术类别、专利权人机构、技术主题等进行统计及可视化分析,并着重对近十年的专利技术主题图景进行定性解读,力图多方位、多层次剖析干细胞领域研究现状,旨在为促进我国干细胞与再生医学研究的未来发展提供参考。分析结果表明,目前干细胞领域研究渐趋平稳,美国在该方面的研究处于领导地位,是干细胞最重要的专利布局地,其相关大学、企业等在干细胞技术领域拥有较多的专利数量;目前研究主题集中在干细胞培养、治疗(心脏疾病)、材料和装置、提取物衍生物、基因序列及表达等方面。     

基于中美基金项目数据的深度学习领域研究热点对比分析

与传统研究成果类型不同，基金项目数据中蕴含的潜在情报更具有战略性和前瞻性。本文使用文本挖掘方法，对中美深度学习领域基金项目数据进行挖掘与分析，从资助强度、发展态势、主题聚类及热度演化角度进行分析，对比中美深度学习领域研究热点的异同及热点演化情况。研究发现，中美深度学习领域基金项目数量自2010年后呈上升趋势，发展势头较好，且两国均出台相关政策支持该领域发展。但中美两国在研究的侧重方向上有所不同，美国侧重深度学习基础理论、算法研究，中国在深度学习更关注应用层面的落地情况。在应用层面上，美国更重视生物医学、经济领域、图像识别领域及硬件设备应用，中国不仅重视生物医学领域、同时使用深度学习相关算法对地学领域、多媒体领域的数据应用较多。新兴研究方向上，对深度学习硬件设备及应用方向成为美国的近年来研究热点方向，而中国较新的研究热点方向在于将深度学习应用到生物信息领域。未来我国应加大科研经费的投入，支持人工智能领域的自主创新发展；发挥在地学领域应用、图像和计算机视觉、多媒体领域、以及中医领域应用的科技布局优势，形成成果转化新生态；应关注和加强对理论算法的研究，提高技术实力并掌握科技主动权；对软硬件及...     

神经科学领域前沿发展态势研究：基于ESI研究前沿的深度挖掘分析

本文构建了基于ESI研究前沿的深度挖掘方案，通过研究前沿之间的共被引网络聚焦领域研究热点、主题词共现识别神经科学领域研究重点主题；利用KeyBERT模型对研究前沿核心文献和施引文献的标题与摘要进行关键词识别，分析关键词热度年际变化，深入揭示神经科学领域研究前沿热点发展趋势；通过对研究前沿核心文献及其施引文献和参考文献进行国别分析，反映世界各国在神经科学领域研究前沿发展的学科影响力，并进一步分析中国在神经科学领域研究前沿的覆盖度和活跃度。分析表明：阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、多发性硬化症等神经系统疾病是全球神经科学领域研究最广泛深入的重点主题，脑机接口、血清神经丝轻链蛋白、非侵入性脑刺激技术等是近年来的新兴研究热点，感染新冠病毒对神经系统的影响、新冠肺炎病人的神经系统表现以及一线医务人员的心理健康等疫情相关主题也成为近两年神经科学领域的研究热点。近年来我国在神经科学领域研究前沿的覆盖度和活跃度升高，研究前沿引领度、贡献度和参与度均有较大提升，在新冠疫情相关主题、肠道微生物菌群、靶向治疗、人工感觉神经等研究方向具有一定发展优势，在阿尔茨海默病、脑功能网络、卒中、神经性疼痛、胶质瘤等方向具有一定...     

人工智能领域关键技术挖掘分析

人工智能已成为引领新一轮科技革命和产业变革的重要驱动力量和战略性技术。本文采用无监督聚类、复杂网络结构洞和突发检测算法对人工智能高水平会议论文进行深度挖掘分析,梳理人工智能领域的关键技术,全面刻画人工智能领域整体技术结构,洞悉关键技术分布和研发态势,明确人工智能领域代表性国家与机构。研究发现:人工智能领域共包含14个大类、132项热点技术,主要分布在机器学习、自然语言处理、计算机视觉和机器人等子领域,如一眼模仿学习、智能自动问答、光度立体视觉、多传感器融合等;共性技术则主要分布在机器学习子领域,分类、回归、搜索等基础算法以及优化理论方法等共性技术为其他子领域研究实践奠定坚实基础;新兴技术主要集中在深度学习方面,生成对抗网络和注意力机制是其中的典型代表,此外还包括强化学习、自主代理和多代理系统等。在人工智能领域代表性国家与机构方面,美国在各热点技术大类下的发文量均位居全球首位,中国整体仅次于美国,但在强化学习、机器人、智能多代理系统研究方面发文量排名相对靠后;国内机构中,中国科学院在多个热点技术大类下的发文量均位居全球前列。     

干细胞研究进展及意义

干细胞研究是目前生物医学研究的前沿领域，本文以美国国家卫生研究院为对象介绍了干细胞研究的历史、最新进展，干细胞的应用和由此带来的伦理问题，以为我国干细胞研究提供参考。     

光合作用研究的一些进展

本文介绍国内外光合作用研究的现状和热点。光合作用已成为生物化学、物理学、化学等基因学科和晶体学、波谱学等技术学科的研究目标,为了解决粮食、能源、资源和环境问题,必须进行光全作用的基础研究和应用研究。最后指出了光合作用的发展方向。     

森林凋落物与土壤质量的互作效应研究

凋落物与土壤的相互关系研究是生态学领域的研究热点之一，其中凋落物质量对土壤质量的影响较大。本文阐述了凋落物质量对土壤质量的影响，从土壤生物学性质、理化性质等方面概述了土壤质量对凋落物分解所起的作用，并就凋落物和土壤的相互关系进行了评述，展望了该研究领域的发展趋势。     

信息技术伦理研究的国际进展

人工智能、大数据等新兴信息技术促进了社会发展,同时也带来了一系列亟待解决的伦理问题。使用CiteSpace和Derwent Data Analyzer分析《伦理与信息技术》(Ethics and Information Technology)近20年的载文情况,获得主要发文国家及机构、高被引论文、经典参考文献和热点研究主题,为我国信息技术伦理研究与实践提供参考。国际上,在信息技术伦理研究领域发文较多的国家有美国、英国、荷兰等,主要研究机构有荷兰代尔夫特理工大学、英国牛津大学、美国里韦学院等。关键词聚类分析发现该领域有七大热点研究主题:人工智能与生物医学伦理、伦理哲学与信息技术、隐私与监控及数据保护、网络应用与网络犯罪、知识产权与社会生活、社交媒体、机器人学与道德责任。主题词演变过程分析表明价值敏感设计、人工智能、社交媒体、大数据等是将来重点关注的研究方向。     

精准农业领域专利竞争态势分析

基于incoPat数据库收录的专利数据,对1999—2018年全球精准农业领域的专利申请情况进行分析。结合定量分析和定性研究,探讨精准农业领域的全球专利研究态势、技术研发热点、主要国家的科研水平、重要专利申请人的研发布局。研究发现,近二十年,精准农业领域专利研发处于快速增长阶段,信息采集传感器和变量作业装备是研发热点;中国、美国、日本是最重要的技术来源国,中国进入该技术领域较晚但取得了重大进步;国外机构在信息采集技术和变量作业技术主题占据主导优势,相关研究机构努力的方向是形成核心技术优势、提高专利影响力、增强专利海外布局和促进技术成果转化。     

干细胞研究与治疗性克隆

干细胞的用途很广泛，涉及医学许多领域。干细胞及其相关生物技术的迅速发展，得益于对干细胞功能的认识。干细胞研究在21世纪将会进一步提到迅速发展，有望在揭示生物发育机制和临床应用中取得新的突破。     

Single cell biology beyond the era of antibodies: relevance,challenges, and promises in biomedical research

Research of the past two decades has proved the relevance of single cell biology in basic research and translational medicine. Successful detection and isolation of specific subsets is the key to understand their functional heterogeneity. Antibodies are conventionally used for this purpose, but their relevance in certain contexts is limited. In this review, we discuss some of these contexts, posing bottle neck for different fields of biology including biomedical research. With the advancement of chemistry, several methods have been introduced to overcome these problems. Even though microfluidics and microraft array are newer techniques exploited for single cell biology, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) remains the gold standard technique for isolation of cells for many biomedical applications, like stem cell therapy. Here, we present a comprehensive and comparative account of some of the probes that are useful in FACS. Further, we illustrate how these techniques could be applied in biomedical research. It is postulated that intracellular molecular markers like nucleostemin (GNL3), alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) and HIRA can be used for improving the outcome of cardiac as well as bone regeneration. Another field that could utilize intracellular markers is diagnostics, and we propose the use of specific peptide nucleic acid probes (PNPs) against certain miRNAs for cancer surgical margin prediction. The newer techniques for single cell biology, based on intracellular molecules, will immensely enhance the repertoire of possible markers for the isolation of cell types useful in biomedical research.     

Epigenetic choreography of stem cells: the DNA demethylation episode of development

Reversible DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic manipulator of the genomic information in eukaryotes. DNA demethylation plays a very significant role during embryonic development and stands out for its contribution in molecular reconfiguration during cellular differentiation for determining stem cell fate. DNA demethylation arbitrated extensive make-over of the genome via reprogramming in the early embryo results in stem cell plasticity followed by commitment to the principal cell lineages. This article attempts to highlight the sequential phases and hierarchical mode of DNA demethylation events during enactment of the molecular strategy for developmental transition. A comprehensive knowledge regarding the pattern of DNA demethylation during embryogenesis and organogenesis and study of the related lacunae will offer exciting avenues for future biomedical research and stem cell-based regenerative therapy.     

肿瘤生物治疗研究进展

生物治疗是应用生物技术对各种疾病(诸如恶性肿瘤、先天性遗传病、传染性疾病、心血管疾病、风湿免疫性疾病等)进行治疗的一种新的治疗手段。生物治疗研究范围非常广泛,主要包括基因治疗、免疫治疗(过继免疫治疗、疫苗治疗、抗体治疗、细胞因子治疗等)、抗血管生成治疗、干细胞治疗、诱导分化及凋亡、内分泌治疗等,下面主要就肿瘤基因治疗、免疫治疗和抗血管生成治疗的现状和发展进行阐述。     

化感活性物质影响种子萌发作用机理的研究进展

化感作用由于其独特的生物学特性而受到广泛关注,并逐渐成为近年来的研究热点。然而目前多数的化感作用研究关注于化感物质对幼苗生长的影响以及化感物质的分离、鉴定、提纯,而对化感物质影响植物种子萌发的作用机理缺乏足够的重视。本文主要论述了化感作用的概念、发展以及化感物质降低种子萌发率、改变激素平衡、破坏生物膜结构、影响种子呼吸代谢等一系列生理活动的作用机理。最后对今后化感作用的研究重点进行展望,强调应着重进行化感物质作用机理的精确研究,从分子、基因水平进行探讨。     

Human motor neuron generation from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells

Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons. There are currently no cures or efficacious treatments for these diseases. In recent years, significant developments in stem cell research have been applied to MNDs, particularly regarding neuroprotection and cell replacement. However, a consistent source of motor neurons for cell replacement is required. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) could provide an inexhaustible supply of differentiated cell types, including motor neurons that could be used for MND therapies. Recently, it has been demonstrated that induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells may serve as an alternative source of motor neurons, since they share ES characteristics, self-renewal, and the potential to differentiate into any somatic cell type. In this review, we discuss several reproducible methods by which hESCs or iPS cells are efficiently isolated and differentiated into functional motor neurons, and possible clinical applications.     

Recent advances in the development of new transgenic animal technology

Transgenic animal technology is one of the fastest growing biotechnology areas. It is used to integrate exogenous genes into the animal genome by genetic engineering technology so that these genes can be inherited and expressed by offspring. The transgenic efficiency and precise control of gene expression are the key limiting factors in the production of transgenic animals. A variety of transgenic technologies are available. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages and needs further study because of unresolved technical and safety issues. Further studies will allow transgenic technology to explore gene function, animal genetic improvement, bioreactors, animal disease models, and organ transplantation. This article reviews the recently developed animal transgenic technologies, including the germ line stem cell-mediated method to improve efficiency, gene targeting to improve accuracy, RNA interference-mediated gene silencing technology, zinc-finger nuclease gene targeting technology and induced pluripotent stem cell technology. These new transgenic techniques can provide a better platform to develop transgenic animals for breeding new animal varieties and promote the development of medical sciences, livestock production, and other fields.     

Scientific inertia in animal-based research in biomedicine

Despite aspirations to substitute animal experimentation with alternative methods and recent progress in the area of non-animal approaches, such as organoïds and organ(s)-on-a-chip technologies, there is no extensive replacement of animal-based research in biomedicine. In this paper, I will analyse this state of affairs with reference to key institutional and socio-epistemic barriers for the development and use of non-animal approaches in the context of biomedical research in Europe. I will argue that there exist several factors that inhibit change in this context. In particular, there is what I call “scientific inertia”, i.e. a certain degree of conservatism in scientific practice regarding the development and use of non-animal approaches to replace animal experimentation. This type of inertia is facilitated by socio-epistemic characteristics of animal-based research in the life sciences and is a key factor in understanding the status quo in biomedical research. The underlying reasons for scientific inertia have not received sufficient attention in the literature to date because the phenomenon transcends traditional disciplinary boundaries in the study of animal experimentation. This paper addresses this issue and seeks to contribute to a better understanding of scientific inertia by using a methodology that looks at the interplay of institutional, epistemic, and regulatory aspects of animal-based research.