珠江入海水沙通量变化特征

入海水沙通量的近期变化是流域与海岸相互作用研究的焦点和核心内客.本文利用滑动平均法、秩次相关检验和线性回归检验等方法,对控制珠江入海水沙通量的博罗、马口和三水三个水文站1956～2000年的水文资料进行分析.结果表明:珠江入海水沙通量在年内呈季节性变化,4～9月份八海流量分配占全年的74.3～88.8%,含沙量占91.7～96%;三站含沙量在20世纪90年代之后均呈下降趋势,与同期流量比较,博罗、马口舍沙量产生突变并呈减少趋势,三水站流量相对同期舍沙量则产生突变并呈增加趋势.     

六垛南闸闸下淤积现状分析

针对我国在滨海河口地区修建的挡潮闸在河口建闸后普遍存在的泥沙淤积问题，根据苏北灌溉总渠入海口六垛南闸等处的实测资料，分析该挡潮闸下潮汐引河通道冲淤特性，指出挡潮闸下引河的潮流特性、潮流挟沙特性及引河淤积的原因。认为对闸门进行科学合理的控制、有效利用上游有限的泄水量和闸下落潮水流拖淤来防淤减淤是较为简便易行且经济的措施。     

污水排海工程与赤潮

１９９８年春季香港和深圳海域发生特大赤潮。本文探讨这次赤潮和污水排海工程是否有关系。从下列三方面分析：１．污水排海的标准２．近岸浅海排放；３．污水量大，集中，连续排放。     

黄河下游洪水输沙效率及其调控

针对黄河下游洪水输沙的复杂性,根据1980～1998年实测洪水资料,以花园口-高村河段为例,建立了洪水输沙用水的人工神经网络模型.在此基础上,以提高洪水输沙用水效率为目标,根据控制原理对洪水输沙过程调控进行了模拟与仿真.根据洪水输沙的实际情况,系统设计中采用了开环控制和反馈控制两种不同的控制结构.开环控制系统中,对不同含沙量条件下洪水平均流量对输沙用水量的控制过程做了数值模拟;结果表明该河段流量对输沙用水量的调控作用明显受到含沙量的影响,当含沙量小于20kg/m3时,流量对输沙用水量减小有很好的调控作用.反馈控制系统中,对给定控制目标下河段入口断面含沙量和流量对输沙用水量的调节过程分别进行了仿真;结果表明如果设定合理的控制目标,花园口-高村河段洪水输沙过程可通过入口断面的含沙量和流量进行调控.最后,根据上述方法,对黄河下游其他河段洪水输沙进行了模拟与仿真.根据综合分析,黄河下游花园口以下河段水流含沙量为20 kg/m3时,适宜的调控流量范围是2390～2900 m3/s.     

韩江三角洲河网航道整治水动力数学模型

对韩江三角洲河网区河道进行概化，采用Preissmann有限差分格式和松弛迭代法建立韩江三角洲河网水动力数学模型，并利用2005年的实测水文资料对韩江三角洲河网的水面线、分流比进行验证，最后对2个整治工程方案的整治效果进行模拟计算和方案比选。结果表明：水位计算值与实测值误差一般小于0．05m；分流比计算值与实测值误差小于1％；在整治流量条件下，各河道水位变化很小，分流比增加值最大为2．35％；在洪水条件下，水位壅高值最大为0．07m，分流比增加值最大为2．06％。     

波浪对浅海近岸污染物输移扩散规律的影响

通过对浅海缓坡近岸区大面积波浪场的演化、破碎, 近岸流的生成和波浪对潮流场结构影响的研究, 提出了波浪应作为这类海岸附近污染物输移扩散的重要动力因素. 数值实验证明, 在波浪以一定角度斜向入射时, 近岸排放的污染物在波浪破碎区内将沿岸输移, 排污口在波浪破碎区内这种趋势非常明显. 因而在改善近岸环境的研究和污水海洋处置工程的设计中, 波浪是不能忽略的动力因素, 应加以充分考虑.     

疲劳损伤概率分布及疲劳寿命统计矩

将确定性疲劳损伤方程随机化，得到受随机涨落影响的疲劳损伤随机微分方程和Ｆｏｋｋｅｒ－Ｐｌａｎｃｋ方程，通过求解方程，得到随时间变化的疲劳损伤概率分布。然后导出了平稳随机涨落影响下的疲劳寿命的统计矩。最后，分别给出了疲劳裂纹形成与扩展的损伤概率分布。     

有无植物条件下明渠水流紊动特性对比

在可变坡水槽中，模拟了带枝杈植物对明渠水流的干扰作用，借助超声多普勒流速仪（ADV）测量了不同水深下垂线不同测点的瞬时流速，计算了各测点的三维时均流速、脉动强度及雷诺应力等紊动参数，通过与无植物干扰的明渠均匀流紊动特性进行对比，分析植物对水流紊动参数的影响规律。试验结果表明：在有植物明渠水流中，时均流速呈三区分布特征；脉动强度及雷诺应力均在植物顶部附近出现最大值；脉动强度明显增大，在3个方向上趋于接近；可以用植物顶部以上的雷诺应力分布推求摩阻流速。     

三维紊流悬沙数学模型及应用

根据紊流随机理论, 导出了各向异性紊流的Reynolds应力的数值格式. 将精细壁函数应用于边壁处理. 将传统的悬沙运动、床沙级配控制方程推广到三维模型. 给出了床面附近含沙量表达式. 建立了三维紊流悬沙数学模型. 用葛洲坝水利枢纽建库前后水沙资料对该模型进行了检验, 结果基本一致. 将该模型应用于三峡工程坝区泥沙冲淤问题的研究, 预测了三峡工程建成后坝区上游河段泥沙冲淤发展过程及其分布、河床淤积物级配组成及不同时期、不同高程的流场、含沙量场等, 计算结果与物理模型试验值比较接近.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体流动控制的研究

在等离子体激励因素诱导流场变化实验和数值模拟分析的基础上，探索了介质阻挡放电等离子体流动控制的效应．结果表明湍流模型比层流模型可获得更好的结果．通过平板流动实验与压气机叶栅实验相结合的措施，研究了等离子体对外流、内流加速与抑制流动分离的耦合作用．实验结果表明：等离子体激励可以改变边界层的速度特性；在流速低于20m／s时，等离子体激励可显著改善栅后总压和速度分布特征；流速接近50m／s时，等离子体仍会明显改变总压和速度的最小值；可见，在低速流动条件下，采用等离子体激励方式能达到抑制流动分离的目的．     

三维正压非线性潮汐潮流伴随同化模型开边界反演研究

在数学物理反问题的框架下，基于渤海、黄海M2分潮波的数值模拟，本文设计孪生实验研究了三维正压非线性潮汐潮流模型中开边界条件的伴随法反演问题，以验证所建立的伴随模型的有效性和正确性。本文同时讨论了开边界条件的空间分布、初值、观测误差以及观测数量对开边界反演的影响，对此参数估计反问题的适定性进行了初步研究.     

The nomological image of nature: explaining the tide in the thirteenth century

The paper examines the relevance of the nomological view of nature to three discussions of tide in the thirteenth century. A nomological conception of nature assumes that the basic explanatory units of natural phenomena are universally binding rules stated in quantitative terms. (1) Robert Grosseteste introduced an account of the tide based on the mechanism of rarefaction and condensation, stimulated by the Moon's rays and their angle of incidence. He considered the Moon's action over the sea an example of the general efficient causality exerted through the universal activity of light or species. (2) Albert the Great posited a plurality of causes which cannot be reduced to a single cause. The connaturality of the Moon and the water is the only principle of explanation which he considered universal. Connaturality, however, renders neither formulation nor quantification possible. While Albert stressed the variety of causes of the tide, (3) Roger Bacon emphasized regularity and reduced the various causes producing tides into forces. He replaced the terminology of ‘natures’ by one of ‘forces’. Force, which in principle can be accurately described and measured, thus becomes a commensurable aspect of a diverse cosmos. When they reasoned why waters return to their place after the tide, Grosseteste argued that waters return in order to prevent a vacuum, Albert claimed that waters ‘follow their own nature’, while Bacon held that the ‘proper force’ of the water prevails over the distant force of the first heaven. I exhibit, for the thirteenth century, moments of the move away from the Aristotelian concerns. The basic elements of these concerns were essences and natures which reflect specific phenomena and did not allow for an image of nature as a unified system. In the new perspective of the thirteenth century the key was a causal link between the position of the Moon and the tide cycle, a link which is universal and still qualitative, yet expressed as susceptible to quantification.     

Leibniz's Observations on Hydrology: An Unpublished Letter on the Great Lombardy Flood of 1705

Although the historical reputation of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) largely rests on his philosophical and mathematical work, it is widely known that he made important contributions to many of the emerging but still inchoate branches of natural science of his day. Among the many scientific papers Leibniz published during his lifetime are ones on the nascent science we now know as hydrology. While Leibniz's other scientific work has become of increasing interest to scholars in recent years, his thinking about hydrology has been neglected, despite being relatively broad in extent, including as it does papers on the ‘raising of vapours’ and the formation of ice, as well as the separation of salt and fresh water. That list can now be extended still further following the discovery of a previously unpublished letter of Leibniz's on the causes of the devastating Lombardy flood of October and November 1705. This letter, which will be the focus of our paper, reveals the depth of Leibniz's understanding of key hydrological processes. In it, he considers various mechanisms for the flood, such as heavy rains on high ground, underwater earthquakes, and a mountain collapse. Over the course of the paper we examine each of these mechanisms in depth, and show that Leibniz was in the vanguard of hydrological thinking. We also show that the letter contains one of the first scholarly attempts to apply aspects of the still-forming notion of the hydrological cycle to account for a flood event.     

排水系统入海口新型消能工

通过实体模型试验研究了某排水系统入海口水工建筑物的水力性能，设计提出一种新型的墩栅涡流室消能工。该新型消能工的水力特点是：流出排水隧洞的高速水流大部分通过进口墩栅空隙流入涡流室，小部分在进口墩栅前发生水跃后扎入涡流室中产生强烈的顺时针漩涡，通过水跃、墩栅的阻力和涡流室漩涡的共同作用消能，并将来流的动能转换为势能，之后，涡流室中的大部分水流在重力作用下通过出口墩栅空隙流向下游，其余水流从墩栅项部溢流。这种新型的墩栅涡流室不仅消能效果良好而且出流均匀，并容许各种杂物如石块、泥沙等自由通过，避免涡流室中发生严重的淤积。     

森林水文生态效应及在川西亚高山针叶林群落中的研究

水资源亏缺是世界各国政府和科学家们普遍关注的热点问题，而森林在涵养水源、调节水量、减少径流泥沙、降低洪峰、改善水质等方面具有重要的功能，因此森林水文生态效应研究成为生态学家和水文学家们共同关注的焦点。迄今为止，有关森林水文生态效应的研究主要包括集水区森林水文生态效应、水土保持林水文生态效应和森林水文生态效益研究。川西亚高山针叶林位于长江上游青藏高原东缘，在水土保持和调节流域水量平衡等方面具有重要的生态功能。但迄今为止，有关川西亚高山针叶林水文生态效应的研究较少，主要为短期的、定性的、简单观测，这与其在长江流域水量平衡调节中的作用和地位极不相称。因此，建议在未来的研究中，从生态系统过程的角度加强以下研究：森林流域对径流影响的内在机理、不同树种水文生态效应及对比研究和养分循环及水质方面的研究，另外，因为气候、植被和水文密切相关，而且川西亚高山森林是对全球气候变化最敏感的地区之一，所以有必要探讨大气中CO2浓度升高等对森林水文生态效应的影响。     

硫酸盐溶液中锌-铜共沉积物的形貌研究

在二维情况下对硫酸铜和硫酸锌的混合溶液进行不同实验条件的电沉积,通过金相显微镜等手段观测了不同电压和浓度下混合溶液中金属生长和共沉积的过程,并通过对比单组分溶液与二元混合溶液的沉积物生长形貌和分形状况,研究了混合溶液在不同电压和浓度条件下所生成的沉积物的形貌规律。实验结果表明:由于金属各向异性,导致混合溶液中的沉积物形貌较单组分溶液更为复杂;而随着电压和浓度的改变,沉积物的形貌由枝晶状向DLA分形和致密结果转变。     

Scaling of respiratory areas in relation to oxygen consumption of vertebrates

Summary Resting oxygen consumption is generally related to the 0.75 power of the body mass. More recent studies on the morphometry of the lungs and gills of vertebrates indicate that the respiratory surfaces increase in area more closely to M^1.0. A possible explanation is that the gas exchange surface is more to be related to themaximum oxygen uptake capacity, rather than to the resting condition. However, recent studies, especially in African mammals, suggest that scales to a power similar to that for resting oxygen consumption and hence cannot be directly related to the respiratory surfaces.In fishes the situation seems to be different as appears to increase more rapidly than standard . Consequently, the ratio between these two is greater in larger specimens and hence they have a greater scope for activity. A possible interpretation of this apparent difference may be related to differences in ventilation, as the tidal ventilation of lungs can lead to a reduction in the difference in oxygen pressure across the exchange surface, whereas in fish gills with increasing size and increasing water velocity there would be a reduction in the resistance to gas transfer. However, it is important to appreciate that such generalizations probably do not hold in all cases and the position of intermediate groups of vertebrates needs to be more closely assessed.This paper is based upon part of a lecture given at the Conference of Comparative Respiratory Physiology, Göttingen, BRD, August 1982.     

Myosins from plants

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of myosin genes from Arabidopsis thaliana and electron microscopic observation of a myosin from characean alga have revealed that overall structure of plant unconventional myosins is similar to that of the class V myosins. These plant unconventional myosins have two heads, a coiled-coil tail of varied length and a globular tail piece at the end. The tail piece is probably a site for membrane interaction. Characean myosin is of special interest because it can translocate actin filaments at a velocity several times faster than muscle myosin, which must have evolved to support the quick movement of animals in the struggle for their lives.     

On the genesis of the soil mantle of the region of Manaus,Central Amazonia,Brazil

Summary The dynamics of the forest to the north of Manaus is tightly linked to that of the soil. The latosol that covers the plateau, which supports a dense forest, consists from top to bottom of: (a) a brown, clayey organic horizon (0.3 m), (b) a yellow horizon, very rich in clay but permeable (from 0.3 to 4 m), (c) a nodular horizon rich in Al and Fe oxides (from 4 to 9 m), and (d) a horizon which still preserves the sedimentary structures of the parent sandstone, where quartz is intensely dissolved and kaolinite crystallizes in pores. In perfectly flat areas, the clay of the organic horizon is destroyed by acidocomplexolysis, and the dissolved Al is transported vertically by the drainage water. A part of this Al is used to make the gibbsite nodules of horizon (c), and the rest is used to make kaolinite in horizon (d). Because aluminum is thus conserved within any vertical prism, the rate of destruction of horizon (a) is equivalent to the rate of advance of the kaolinization zone into the sediment: the latosol is said to be in equilibrium, the surface remains perfectly flat as it slowly sinks, the quantity of kaolinite increases with time, and the silica released by quartz dissolution in the whole profile is exported by drainage water to the water table. In contrast, near drainage axes, however small initially, the drainage becomes inclined toward the axis. Part of the Al released by acidocomplexolysis of horizon (a) is now exported to rivers, and Al is no longer conserved within any given prism. The rate of advance of the kaolinization zone (d) into the sediment now becomes less than the rate of destruction of horizon (a) and the surface sinks faster than that of the surrounding plateau. After this differential podzolization has gone on long enough, it creates a network of geochemical valleys characterized by convex slopes and bounded by sandy soils (campinas). The vegetation becomes sparser and sparser. At the end, only some bushes and lichens survive on the white sand.Acknowledgments. The authors are indebted to Dr E. Merino (Dept. of Geology, Indiana University) for helpful criticisms and suggestions. This research was carried out in I.N.P.A. (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia) and was financially supported by the CNPq-CNRS/ORSTOM conv.