Connection between interannual variability of the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans in the 1997～1998 El Niño event

In this paper,the sea surface height and the heat content of the upper ocean are analyzed to retrieve the relationship of interannual variabilities between the tropical western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans during the 1997～1998 El Ni(n)o event.In the prophase of this El Ni(n)o,the negative sea level anomalies (SLA) occurred in the tropical western Pacific (TWP) firstly,and then appeared in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean (TEI).The negative heat content anomalies (HCA) emerged in the TWP before this El Ni?o burst while the SLA signals developed over there.During the mature stage of this El Ni(n)o,two kinds of signals in the TWP and TEI turned to be the maximum negative sequently.Due to the connected interannual adjustment between the TEI and TWP,we adopted a method to estimate the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) transport by calculating the HCA budget in the TEI.The indirect estimation of the ITF was comparable to the observation values.Therefore,the anomalies in the TEI had been proved as advecting from the TWP through the ITF during the 1997～1998 El Ni(n)o.     

Reconstruction and analysis of time series of ENSO for the last 500 years

This paper reports the classification of ENSO into seven categories according to annual (March to February of next year) mean SST of Ni(n)o 3.4 and composite index (ΔI) for the period of 1861～2000. Categories +3, +2, and +1 denote very strong, strong and weak warm episodes (E), -3, -2, and -1 mean very strong, strong and weak cold episodes (A). Absolute SST anomalies are about 1.5 ℃, 1.0 ℃ and 0.5 ℃ respectively for the categories 3, 2, and 1 (or -3, -2, and -1). The normal years are expressed as category 0. Annual categories of ENSO are estimated on the basis of proxy data from AD 1501 to 1860. And a series of ENSO category is established for the period of 1501～2000 in conjunction with the observational data. Comparison of proxy data with observations for 1874～1973 indicates that about 80% of the El Ni(n)o years and La Ni(n)a years can be reconstructed from proxy data, and the reliability of the reconstruction is verified. Analysis of the power spectrum of the reconstructed ENSO series shows significant peaks at QBO, 3～4a (year), 5～6a, and 10a period, the former three are in accordance with the observations for the last 100 years or more. Studies on long term variability of ENSO indicates that ENSO frequency is relatively stationary during the last 500 years, including the Little Ice Age (LIA) (1550～1850) and Modern Warming Period (the 20th century). However, the frequency of E is a little higher in the 20th century and that of A is somewhat higher during the LIA.     

Different types of La Niña events and different responses of the tropical atmosphere

Historical La Nia events since 1950 are divided into Eastern Pacific(EP) type and Central Pacific(CP) type,and the SSTA developing features as well as the different responses of the tropical atmosphere are further analyzed by using multiple datasets.Classification of different types La Nia is based on the normalized Ni o3 and Ni o4 indices and the SSTA distribution pattern during the mature phase.The minimum negative SSTA for CP La Nia is located over the equatorial central Pacific near the dateline,more westward than that of EP La Nia.It has stronger intensity and larger east-west zonal difference of SSTA over the equatorial Pacific than EP La Nia.Influenced by the different SSTA distribution pattern,CP La Nia induces more westward location of the anomalous sinking motion and the anomalous low-level divergent and high-level convergent winds over the equatorial eastern Pacific.The different response of the tropical atmospheric circulation between EP and CP La Nia is more significant in the upper troposphere than in the lower troposphere.However,the tropical precipitation patterns during the mature phase of EP and CP La Nia are much similar,except the less(more) precipitation over the equatorial central Pacific(eastern Indian Ocean-western Pacific) during CP La Nia than during EP La Nia.     

Tropospheric biennial oscillation of the western Pacific subtropical high and its relationships with the tropical SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies

There is the significant period of tropospheric biennial Oscillation(TBO)over East Asian monsoon region at the interannual timescales,which has the important influences on East China climate.Based on a set of reconstructed indices which describes the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)objectively,this paper focuses on the TBO component of WPSH,one of the key members of the East Asian Monsoon system,and its relationships with the tropical SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies.It is found that(1)As an important interannual component of WPSH,the time series of TBO has the obvious transition in the late1970s,and the variability of the WPSH’s TBO component is more significant after the late 1970s.(2)The time-lag correlations between the WPSH’s TBO and the tropical sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in several key ocean regions are more significant and have longer correlation duration than the raw data.The response of the western boundary index to ENSO is earlier than the intensity index,and the time-lag correlations of them are up to maximum when lagging ENSO by 3–5 months and 5–6months,respectively.(3)In the course of the WPSH’s TBO cycle,the occurrence of the El Ni o-like anomaly in the tropical central-eastern Pacific in winter is always coupled with the weak East Asian winter monsoon,with the most significant enhancing phase of the WPSH’TBO.In contrast,the La Ni a-like anomaly in the central-eastern Pacific in winter is coupled with the strong East Asian winter monsoon,with the most weakening phase of the WPSH’s TBO.(4)The distribution of the tropical SST and atmospheric circulations anomalies are asymmetric in the TBO cycle.The WPSH’s TBO is more significant in the period of the developing El Ni o-like anomaly in central-eastern Pacific than in the period of the developing La Ni a-like anomaly.Therefore,during the period of developing El Ni o-like anomaly,more attention should be paid to the interannual component of TBO signal in the short-term climate prediction.     

Adaptive widths of the approximation functional on the Sobolev space W r 2 with Gaussian measure

The tight orders for the Kolmogorov and adaptive (n,ε,δ)-widths of the Sobolev spaces W?r?2 equipped with a Gaussian measure in the L1-norm and L∞-norm are determined by the method of discretization, which is based on reducing the calculation of the (n,ε,δ)-widths of the Sobolev space to the calculation of (n,ε,δ)-widths of finite-dimensional set equipped with the Gaussian measure.     

Investigation on high magnetoresistance Ni0.81Fe0.19 films grown on （Ni0.81Fe0.19）1-xCrx underlayers

We have fabricated Ni0.18Fe0.19 films with (Ni0.18Fe0.19)1-xCrx films as underlayers by dc magnetron sputtering, the results show that larger anisotropic magnetoresistance (△R/R) values of Ni0.18Fe0.19 films are observed using the underlayers with Cr concentration of -36 at.% at an optimum underlayer thickness of -4.4 nm, the maximum AMR value is 3.35%. The results of atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that the △R/R enhancement is attributed to the formation of large average grain size and the strong(111)texture in the Ni0.18Fe0.19 films.     

1997～1998年El Niño期间印度洋和西太平洋上层海洋的联系

通过对海面高度场和上层海洋热含量年际变化的分析,揭示了1997～1998 El Ni(n)o期间热带东印度洋与热带西太平洋上层海洋的内在关系.在1997～1998 El Ni(n)o事件爆发前期,海面高度距平信号首先在热带西太平洋出现.随后在热带东印度洋海区也出现了负距平.上层海洋热含量的负距平信号在El Ni(n)o前期也同样先出现在热带西太平洋.依据热带东印度洋和热带西太平洋年际尺度调整存在的联系,我们采用热带东印度洋海洋上层热含量距平的增长,估算印度尼西亚贯穿流的流量,得到的结果与观测具有相同的量级.这种间接估计表明热带东印度洋在1997～1998 El Ni(n)o期间的异常,是可以部分经由热带西太平洋距平通过贯穿流而引起的.     

The combined effects of the ENSO and the Arctic Oscillation on the winter climate anomalies in East Asia

With the warm/cold phases of the El Ni o and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as a background, the impacts of monthly variation in the Arctic Oscillation (AO) on the winter climate anomalies in East Asia are studied with the NCEP/DOE Reanalysis 2 data and the Chinese station data regarding temperature and rainfall. The combined effects of ENSO and the AO indicate that the winter climate anomalies are mainly influenced by the AO in northern China and the ENSO in southern China, when an El Ni o couples with a negative AO month or a La Ni a couples with a positive AO month. These climate anomalies in China are consistent with the mechanisms proposed in previous studies. However, most of China presents a different pattern of climate anomalies if an El Ni o couples with a positive AO month or a La Ni a couples with a negative AO month, with the exception of the temperature anomalies in northern China, which are still affected dominantly by the AO. Further analysis suggests that the causes are attributed to the differences in both the stratosphere-troposphere interaction and the extratropics-tropics interaction. In the former cases, zonal symmetric circulation prevails in the winter and the extratropics-tropics interaction is weakened. Thus, the influences of the ENSO and the AO on the East Asian climate mainly present linear combination effects. On the contrary, an annular mode of atmospheric circulation is not favored in the latter cases and the extratropics-tropics interaction is strong. Hence, the combined effects of the ENSO and the AO on the winter climate in East Asia present nonlinear characteristics.     

Simulation of mode conversion at the magnetopause

Two-dimensional(2-D)and three-dimensional(3-D)hybrid simulations are carried out for mode conversion from fast mode compressional wave to kinetic Alfvn waves(KAWs)at the inhomogeneous magnetopause boundary.For cases in which the incident fast wave propagates in the xz plane,with the magnetopause normal along x and the background magnetic field pointing along z,the 2-D (xz)simulation shows that KAWs with large wave number kxρi～1 are generated near the Alfve′n resonance surface,whereρi is the ion Larmor radius.Several nonlinear wave properties are manifest in the mode conversion process.Harmonics of the driver frequency are generated.As a result of nonlinear wave interaction,the mode conversion region and its spectral width are broadened.In the 3-D simulation,after this first stage of the mode conversion to KAWs with large kx,a subsequent generation of KAW modes of finite ky is observed in the later stage,through a nonlinear parametric decay process.Since the nonlinear cascade to ky can lead to massive transport at the magnetopause,the simulation results provide an effective transport mechanism at the plasma boundaries in space as well as laboratory plasmas.     

2010-2011年冬季La Ni(n)a事件对北半球极涡的影响分析

为了探讨强极涡与La Ni(n)a事件之间的关系,利用NCEP/NCAR(日平均、月平均位势高度及温度场)再分析资料对2010-2011年冬季进行个例研究.与气候态相比,2010-2011年冬季北半球平流层极涡偏强,同时,显著的强海温负异常(La Ni(n)a事件)也持续整个冬季.结果表明,受La Ni(n)a事件影响,对流层环流场和温度场得到较大的调整,出现PNA (Pacific North American)型异常环流形势和相对应的温度异常分布.2010年12月,阿留申地区出现负值的热量经向输送,使得该地区从对流层上升至平流层的行星波动与气候态相比明显减弱,从而导致平流层极涡较气候平均态偏强.这一La Ni(n)a事件对平流层极涡影响的动力过程也从1948-2010年期间选出的13个冬季强La Ni(n)a事件的合成分析结果中得到证实.     

Connection between interannual variability of the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans in the 1997 - 1998 El Nino event

In this paper, the sea surface height and the heat content of the upper ocean are analyzed to retrieve the relationship of interannual variabilities between the tropical western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans during the 1997 - 1998 El Nino event. In the prophase of this El Nino, the negative sea level anomalies (SLA) occurred in the tropical western Pacific (TWP) firstly, and then appeared in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean (TEI). The negative heat content anomalies (HCA) emerged in the TWP before this El Nino burst while the SLA signals developed over there. During the mature stage of this El Nino, two kinds of signals in the TWP and TEI turned to be the maximum negative sequently. Due to the connected interannual adjustment between the TEI and TWP, we adopted a method to estimate the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) transport by calculating the HCA budget in the TEI. The indirect estimation of the ITF was comparable to the observation values. Therefore, the anomalies in the TEI had been proved as adv     

Premonitory phenomenon of El Ni(n)o event reflected in the observations of LOD and sea level

Data sets of the changes of the length of day, the sea surface temperature in the eastern Pacific and of the sea level in Hong Long from tide gauge observations are used to analyze and reveal the reflections in the observations of the length of day and the sea level changes concerned with the premonitory phenomenon of next El Ni(n)o event. The results from this study indicate that a new El Ni(n)o event has been brewing with the ending of the strong La Nina event that started in early summer of 1998. The estimated formation period of the new El Ni(n)o event will begin before the end of 2000, and the peak period may be reached at around the end of 2001.     

Co助剂对Ni-B非晶态催化剂微观结构和加氢性能的影响

通过化学还原法制备了一系列Ni-B非晶态合金催化剂,研究了n(KBH4)/n(Ni)和Co含量对Ni-B非晶态合金催化剂微观结构及其催化二硝基甲苯(DNT)合成甲苯二胺(TDA)性能的影响。通过XRD和H2-TPD技术对催化剂微观结构表征表明,随着n(KBH4)/n(Ni)的增大,NiB2含量增多,催化剂的加氢性能先增大后减小;当n(KBH4)/n(Ni)=4时,Ni-B非晶态合金的催化加氢性能最优。Co助剂的引入增大了Ni-B非晶态合金的无序程度,降低了Ni活性中心对H2的吸附强度,使得H2物种更容易在催化剂表面流动并参加反应,进一步增大了Ni-B催化DNT加氢合成TDA的活性和选择性。当Co的摩尔分数为6%时,Ni-Co-B非晶态合金催化剂的性能最优,DNT转化率为96.8%,TDA的选择性达100%。     

TiO2(110)表面负载Ni及共吸附CO的密度泛函研究

采用DFT/B3LYP方法对Ni在TiO2(110)表面的5种可能负载模式及CO的6种吸附模型进行优化,计算了它们的吸附能、振动频率.结果表明,Ni倾向以垂直于O(2f)的形式负载在TiO2(110)表面,CO以C端与2个Ni原子桥连的方式吸附在Ni/TiO2(110)面时有利于C-O键的断裂.通过态密度分析发现,Ni/TiO2(110)体系是由Ni3dyz和3dxz组成的表面态,正是该表面态提高了完整TiO2(110)面对CO催化分解活性.计算结果与实验一致.     

一种图案化镍/硅纳米复合体系的制备

以水热制备的具有规则表面形貌和结构的硅纳米孔柱阵列（Silicon Nanoporous Pillar Array,Si-NPA）为衬底,采用浸渍沉积技术并通过调控溶液中Ni2＋的浓度,制备了表面具有不同图案化结构的镍/硅纳米孔柱阵列复合体系。分析表明,Ni^2＋浓度对Ni/Si-NPA表面形貌和结构有很大的影响：高的Ni^2＋浓度下制备的Ni/Si-NPA能够保持Si-NPA衬底的规则阵列结构特征;而低的Ni^2＋浓度下制备的Ni/Si-NPA其衬底规则的阵列结构几乎完全被破坏。优化了制备具有图案化结构特征的Ni/Si-NPA的实验条件,并对Ni/Si-NPA的形成机理进行了探讨。     

球形Ni(OH)2的微结构和热分解特性与电化学性能的关系

应用统计方法,利用电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、热重/量热分析和恒电流充放电测试手段研究了球形Ni(OH)2的形貌、结构和热分解性与电化学性能的关系.研究结果表明:随着球形Ni(OH)2表面微晶从结晶良好的粗粒片状到结晶不好的细粒状变化,其以放电容量表示的电化学性能总体上降低.样品的放电比容量与(001)面XRD的半高宽及(100)面的半高宽明显负相关,而与(001)面间距d001及(101)面的半高宽的正相关性不强,与其热分解失水量负相关,与其热分解温度正相关;球形Ni(OH)2的放电容量随其结晶性与单晶粒度的增大而提高.     

黄、东海沿岸海表温度变化与厄尔尼诺的关系

利用黄、东海沿岸8个长期水文观测站多年海表温度资料,分析黄、东海沿岸海表温度的季节和年际变化特征,重点分析在1982—1983年和1997—1998年两次厄尔尼诺年期间的异常变化,以及ENSO影响黄、东海沿岸海表温度的可能机制。结果表明,在厄尔尼诺发生年,夏季风较弱,鄂霍次克海高压加强,西太平洋副高位置偏南,强度偏强,江淮流域及长江中下游降水偏多,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏低。黄、东海沿岸海表温度受到ENSO和PDO(太平洋年代际振荡)的影响和调制,在厄尔尼诺发生的前冬半年及当年,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏低;在厄尔尼诺发生次年,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏高。厄尔尼诺对黄、东海沿岸海表温度变化的影响通过海洋和大气2个通道,1982—1983年海表温度异常以负异常为主,1997—1998年海表温度异常以正异常为主;ENSO期间,北赤道流减弱,黑潮流量减少,海表温度降低。海表温度受局地气温影响显著,如果ENSO期间东亚气温升高,则黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏高。     

茶渣对Ni(II)的吸附性能研究

研究了茶渣对Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附性能。分别考察了吸附时间、茶渣投加量、Ni(Ⅱ初始浓度、茶渣粒径、温度、pH值等因素对茶渣吸附Ni(Ⅱ)的影响。在吸附时间1 h、茶渣投加量1.2 g、Ni(Ⅱ)初始浓度200 mg/L、茶渣粒径60目、pH值11.2情况下,吸附率可达81%。表明了茶渣对Ni(Ⅱ)有较好的吸附性能。