Coordination by Option Contracts in a Retailer-Led Supply Chain with Demand Update

This research examines how to use an option contract to coordinate a retailer-led supply chain where the market information can be updated. Based on Stackelberg game theory, we build a mode with one supplier and one retailer in which the retailer designs contracts to coordinate the supplier＇s production in a two-mode production environment. This focuses on an option contract that consists of two option prices and one exercise price. By theoretical analysis and numerical example, we find that such a contract can coordinate the supplier and retailer to act in the best interest of the channel. The optimal pricing conditions are given as follows： First, option prices should be negatively correlated to the exercise price and should be in a relevant range. Second, the first-period option price should be no greater than the second-period price and should be linearly correlated to the second-period option price when the latter is beyond some threshold. The results show that such option contracts can arbitrarily allocate the extra system profit between the two parties so that each party is in a win-win situation.     

Analysis of Conditional Value-at-Risk for Newsvendor with Holding and Backorder Cost under Market Search

We consider a distribution system with one supplier and two retailers. For the two retailers, they face different demand and are both risk averse. We study a single period model which the supplier has ample goods and the retailers order goods separately. Market search is measured as the fraction of customers who unsatisfied with their ＂local＂ retailer due to stock-out, and search for the goods at the other retailer before leaving the system. We investigate how the retailers game for order quantity in a Conditional Value-at-Risk framework and study how risk averse degree, market search level, holding cost and backorder cost influence the optimal order strategies. Furthermore, we use uniform distribution to illustrate these results and obtain Nash equilibrium of order strategies.     

Supply Chain Coordination of Loss-Averse Newsvendor with Contract

This paper studies a supply chain model in which a single supplier sells a single product to a single retailer who faces the newsvendor problem. The retailer is loss averse. The results show that the optimal production quantity with decentralized decision making with a wholesale price contract is less than that with centralized decision making. The supply chain can achieve channel coordination with buy back and target rebate contracts. With buy back contracts, the supply chain system profits can be allocated arbitrarily between the supplier and retailer. A new kind of contract, the incremental buy back contract, gives similar results as with the buy back contract. The advantages and drawbacks of these three types of contracts are analyzed with numerical examples.     

Optimal motion planning of an underactuated spacecraft using wavelet approximate method

An optimal motion planning scheme using wavelet approximation is proposed for an underactuated spacecraft. The motion planning of an underactuated spacecraft can be formulated as an optimal control of a drift-free system. A cost functional is used to incorporate the control energy and the final state errors. The motion planning is to determine control inputs to minimize the cost functional. Using the method of wavelet, one can transform an infinite-dimensional optimal control problem to a finite-dimensional one and use Gauss-Newton algorithm to solve it for a feasible trajectory which satisfies nonholonomic constraints. The proposed scheme has been applied to a rigid spacecraft with two momentum wheels. The numerical simulation results indicate that optimal control with wavelet approximation is an effective approach to steering an underactuated spacecraft system from the initial configuration to the final configuration.     

Two different gene loci related to the spatial patterning of brain ventricle in vertebrate

Observations on living embryonic brains and the microstructure of brain ventricle of goldfish revealed that there are two brain ventricle phenotypes in gynogenetic haploid embryos. One phenotype is as normal as that of the control inbreeding diploid embryos, which has normal differentiated forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Another phenotype is obviously abnormal, the brain patterning is irregular, and no distinct brain ventricle can be observed. The ratio of haploid embryos with normal brain pattern to that with abnormal brain pattern is 1∶3. This ratio indicates that there are two gene loci involved in the spatial patterning of the brain ventricle. Since the possibility that deleterious recessive mutant alleles exist on both of the two gene loci had been excluded in this experiment, the phenotype represented the expressional state rather than the genotype of these two genes. Therefore, the ratio of 1∶3 suggests that the expressing probability for each copy of the two genes is 50%, and the regulatory mechanism of the expression is based on two sets of chromosomes, controlled by the rule of the diploid-dependent regulatory mechanism.     

Two different gene loci related to the spatial patterning of brain ventricle in vertebrate

Observations on living embryonic brains and the microstructure of brain ventricle of goldfish revealed that there are two brain ventricle phenotypes in gynogenetic haploid embryos. One phenotype is as normal as that of the control inbreeding diploid embryos, which has normal differentiated forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Another phenotype is obviously abnormal, the brain patterning is irregular, and no distinct brain ventricle can be observed. The ratio of haploid embryos with normal brain pattern to that with abnormal brain pattern is 1:3. This ratio indicates that there are two gene loci involved in the spatial patterning of the brain ventricle. Since the possibility that deleterious recessive mutant alleles exist on both of the two gene loci had been excluded in this experiment, the phenotype represented the expressional state rather than the genotype of these two genes. Therefore, the ratio of 1:3 suggests that the expressing probability for each copy of the two genes is 50%, and the regulatory mechanism of the expression is based on two sets of chromosomes, controlled by the rule of the diploid-dependent regulatory mechanism.     

A new method for splice site prediction based on the sequence patterns of splicing signals and regulatory elements

It is of significance for splice site prediction to develop novel algorithms that combine the sequence patterns of regulatory elements such as enhancers and silencers with the patterns of splicing signals. In this paper, a statistical model of splicing signals was built based on the entropy density profile （EDP） method, weight array method （WAM） and K test; moreover, the model of splicing regulatory elements was developed by an unsupervised self-learning method to detect motifs associated with regulatory elements. With two models incorporated, a multi-level support vector machine （SVM） system was devised to perform ab initio prediction for splice sites originating from DNA sequence in eukaryotic genome. Results of large scale tests on human genomic splice sites show that the new method achieves a comparative high performance in splice site prediction. The method is demonstrated to be with at least the same level of performance and usually better performance than the existing SpliceScan method based on modeling regulatory elements, and shown to have higher accuracies than the traditional methods with modeling splicing signals such as the GeneSplicer. In particular, the method has evident advantage over splice site prediction for the genes with lower GC content.     

Key technology for construction of connection between steel pylon and concrete pile cap of middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge

Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge is a suspension bridge with three pylons and two 1080m main spans. The middle pylon is a steel frame with longitudinal herringbone shape and lateral gate shape. The connection between steel pylon and concrete pile cap is a key part to transfer the huge inner force from the pylon to the foundation. Its construction quality is a critical factor to the overall structural loading of the whole bridge, therefore the contact ratio between the bearing steel plate of pylon and concrete pile cap is required to be over 75%. The inclined joint surface in two directions, longitudinally at 39/1920 and laterally at 1/4, posted a challenge to the construction works. Technological tests were carried out to find an optimal construction method by comparison, and finally the Post-Injection method was selected as it can meet the requirement of concrete strength and contact ratio at the connection. The successfully application of the Post-Injection method at Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge has provided an example and reference for similar projects in the future.     

Maintenance of cooperation in a public goods game: A new decision-making criterion with incomplete information

Hardin’s "The Tragedy of the Commons" prophesies the inescapable collapse of many human enterprises.The emergence and abundance of cooperation in animal and human societies is a challenging puzzle to evolutionary theory.In this work,we introduce a new decision-making criterion into a voluntary public goods game with incomplete information and choose successful strategies according to previous payoffs for a certain strategy as well as the risk-averse benefit.We find that the interest rate of the common pool and the magnitude of memory have crucial effects on the average welfare of the population.The appropriate sense of individuals’ innovation also substantially influences the equilibrium strategies distribution in the long run.     

The Supernetwork Model of Social Networking Services

The unique ways of information organization and dissemination was examined through the microblog and the real-name social network as the representatives of the new virtual social networks. In order to discuss the interrelation and interaction of the two dimensions-topic and user, a supernetwork model was established based on the supernetwork research method. Through the actual data, a supernetwork topology diagram and the changing rule of user participation were attained. And it was concluded that the key factor of dealing with emergent online public sentiment should start with affecting the opinions of key figures, whose opinions would further affect the public opinions.     

自来水业价格规制改革中存在问题与对策

价格规制改革是我国自来水业规制改革的核心内容,目前仍存在着水价低、水资源费和污水处理费征收不到位、计费方式单一、定价程序欠规范等问题,需要从完善全成本覆盖价格体系和污水处理费的征收制度、改革自来水计费方式、规范自来水业定价程序等方面进行改革,以推动自来水业规制改革健康、有序进行。     

中国自然垄断产业的价格规制模型

由于自然垄断产业自身的特殊性,因此它在国民经济中占据着十分重要的地位,而其价格规制一直以来都受到政府的高度关注.在说明了中国自然垄断产业价格规制中存在的一系列问题后,分析和评述了发达国家的价格上限规制模型,指出了它的优点和缺点,并进一步地将其与公平报酬率规制进行比较.最后在此基础上,结合中国实际,把自然垄断产业依据一定的标准进行分类,设计出具有中国特色的自然垄断产业价格规制模型.     

会计监管必要性的经济学分析

从证券市场的角度界定了会计监管概念,并认为会计信息的经济学属性使会计监管成为必然。会计信息的公共物品性、垄断性、外部性和不对称性可能使上市公司违规披露信息,从而损害投资者利益,干扰证券市场秩序,导致证券市场失灵。为此,证监会等监管部门需采取强制性手段进行会计监管,保证上市公司向市场提供真实、准确、全面、及时的信息。     

局部垄断下的价格竞争与管制政策效应分析

基础设施行业正经历着放松管制引入竞争的改革,但是,市场上局部垄断的现象仍将在较长时期内存在.在对价格歧视实行管制的情况下,分析了局部垄断市场上具有相同成本的企业竞争行为及市场均衡特性.得到结论是:局部垄断构成了企业进行价格竞争的参与约束.企业局部垄断规模的相对大小以及企业变动价格对对手企业作出价格反应的推测信念,对企业竞争行为具有重要影响,共同决定了市场的均衡特性和管制政策效果.     

政府投融资公私合作的价格形成机制存在的问题及解决办法

政府投融资公私合作是目前政府提供公共产品和公共服务的主要方式,其可以发挥政府在宏观政策上的优势和企业在经营方面的长处,尽管有很多优点但是政府投融资公私合作在价格形成机制上存在着一些问题,例如价格定制方法选择不合理、调价机制不规范等,根据公私合作价格形成机制中存在的问题,提出了如何选择合理的价格规制模型、完善听证会制度、建立独立的监管机构等建议和解决办法。     

具有购买弹性的差异产品选址定价研究

研究了商品存在弹性需求的情况下,企业销售功能相同但有差异产品时的选址和定价问题.基于Hotelling模型,建立了弹性差异产品的双寡头竞争选址定价模型.利用两阶段博弈过程,得出了企业的最优选址和相应定价.并分析了由此引起的价格战,讨论了价格战的形式及结果.     

竞争条件下广告费用的最优控制问题

讨论了竞争条件下广告费用的最优控制问题，考虑两种同类竞争性产品，Ⅰ，Ⅱ，根据产品I泊厂家所采取的两种不同方案分别讨论产品I所需投资的广告费用最优控制，其一是它注重对产品的广告投资，其二是它不做广告采取低价销售。     

绿色发展导向与政府职能转变

绿色发展属于生态文明的范畴,其对于政府职能转变有着重要的启示和推动作用。绿色发展导向促使"经济建设型"政府转型,退出微观经济干预,关注宏观调控。而对于地方政府而言,优化产业结构、改革资源价格形成机制是重要的抓手。绿色发展导向推动政府回归职能本位,即加强社会管理、公共产品供给和市场监管职能。因为绿色发展、"美丽中国"是构建和谐社会的内在要求;生态环境保护的公共产品属性及外部性,决定了政府的供给责任和监管使命。绿色发展导向还是变革政府绩效评价体系的驱动因素。没有政府绩效评价体系的变革与完善,也难以确保政府职能切实转变。     

认知网络中基于快速多赢家多频段拍卖的动态频谱分配

针对传统拍卖方法在动态频谱分配中的低效问题,本文提出了一种基于FADM(fast auction with multiple bands and multiple winners)算法的动态频谱分配方法.FADM算法将传统的多物品拍卖问题转化为整数型0/1背包问题,从而可用动态规划寻求最佳的出清向量;新算法采用了保留价格和差异定价抑制共谋,且根据供求关系动态调整保留价格和竞标价格,兼顾了频谱分配的经济效益和社会效益.性能分析和计算机仿真结果表明,FADM算法可以使频谱有效利用率逼近实际需求率,同时尽可能提高分配收益.     

构建自来水业规制体制研究

中国自来水业实行的是政府垄断经营、政企合一的规制体制,规制机构以及职能划分不合理,这就有必要加强自来水业规制体制的改革。基本对策包括构建独立的规制主体和合理配置规制机构的职能,以确保自来水业规制改革顺利进行。