湿法脱硫系统对脱硝产生逃逸氨的脱除特性

利用自行搭建的模拟选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝烟气发生系统和模拟石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统的组合试验平台,针对湿法烟气脱硫系统对脱硝过程产生的硫酸铵盐气溶胶和逃逸氨的脱除机制展开研究,并考察了脱硫工艺参数对脱除效果的影响.结果表明,脱硫浆液的洗涤作用对逃逸氨的脱除效果较好,但对硫酸铵盐气溶胶的脱除效果不佳,同时热烟气对含铵脱硫浆液的夹带和蒸发作用会生成新的亚微米级铵盐气溶胶.湿法脱硫系统从整体上减少了NH~+_4和NH_3的总排放量,但当脱硫浆液中的NH~+_4累积到了足够高的质量浓度时,WFGD系统会促进NH_3向NH~+_4的转化,并有可能增加一次铵盐气溶胶的排放.脱硫系统对逃逸氨的脱除效率主要受到脱硫浆液pH值和浆液中NH~+_4质量浓度的影响;改变脱硫系统操作参数(如降低液气比、浆液浓度和入口烟气温度等)有助于减少铵盐气溶胶的排放.     

燃煤电厂电除尘PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的排放控制Ⅲ:电除尘电源及小分区改造与PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的排放(以44×330MW机组为例)

讨论了4台典型电除尘改造和细颗粒物(PM2.5)排放控制,对四电场电除尘器通过本体小分区和电源改造实现了颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)的超低排放控制。仅对五电场电除尘器进行电源改造,即可实现PM10和PM2.5的超低排放,电除尘出口PM10和PM2.5可分别控制在15和2 mg/m3以下。脱硫塔对PM10有较好的捕集效果,但对PM2.5的去除几乎没有效果。电除尘振打引起的二次飞扬过程及烟气温度也影响PM10和PM2.5的排放,当烟气温度从150~160℃降低到约110℃时,电除尘出口及脱硫塔出口的PM2.5均在2 mg/m3以下。     

湿法脱硫系统中应用蒸汽相变技术脱除细颗粒

通过在脱硫塔进口烟气、塔内脱硫液进口上方添加适量蒸汽等措施,在湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统中进行了利用蒸汽相变原理高效脱除细颗粒的试验研究.考察了采用CaCO3, Na2CO3, NH3·H2O等3种不同脱硫剂时,WFGD系统对细颗粒的脱除性能及其脱硫剂、蒸汽添加量、液气比(体积比)、脱硫塔进口气液温差等的影响,并进行了添加蒸汽和喷雾化水的对比试验.结果表明,由于形成无机盐气溶胶细颗粒,采用CaCO3, NH3·H2O脱硫剂时,WFGD系统对细颗粒的脱除效果明显差于Na2CO3脱硫剂;在WFGD系统中应用蒸汽相变原理可显著促进细颗粒的脱除,在蒸汽添加量为0.05 kg/m3时,细颗粒数浓度脱除效率可增至60%～70%以上;液气比的影响与脱硫塔内是否存在蒸汽相变有关;提高脱硫塔进口气液温差有利于细颗粒脱除;烟气温度较高时,利用雾化液滴的蒸发替代添加蒸汽也能显著促进细颗粒的脱除.     

燃煤电厂电除尘PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的排放控制Ⅰ:电除尘选型及工业应用

针对电除尘细颗粒物(PM2.5)排放控制,提出利用电除尘指数指导电除尘本体和电源设计选型技术的原理和方法,并介绍电除尘改造的应用案例。通过优化电除尘指数、采用三相高压电源开展电除尘改造和选型。通过电除尘和脱硫塔除雾器的同步改造,可以实现烟囱出口颗粒物排放浓度低于5 mg/m3,同时,PM2.5(直径2.5μm以下的颗粒物)排放浓度低于2.5 mg/m3。示范工程还表明当电除尘器出口PM10(直径10μm以下的颗粒物)排放在6~30 mg/m3时,PM2.5占PM10比例为6%至20%;当PM10排放在5~15 mg/m3时,PM2.5排放可低于2.5 mg/m3。     

燃煤锅炉烟尘颗粒物中PM_(2.5)排放规律研究

为澄清发电厂和工业锅炉联合除尘设备的烟尘排放特征,特别是PM2.5排放规律,选取太原市6台不同类型、容量和除尘方式的燃煤锅炉,采用激光粒度分析仪对采集的烟尘(颗粒物)进行粒径测定,讨论分析PM2.5的排放规律。结果表明,除尘设施前后颗粒物分布规律不同,除尘器前PM2.5呈单峰分布,最大峰值为60~70μm;除尘器后PM2.5呈多峰分布,最大峰值为12~17μm;除尘设施对粒径较大颗粒物的去除率明显高于细颗粒物,对细小颗粒物的除尘效率随锅炉容量的增大而增大;电袋复合除尘器对PM2.5去除率最高,其次为布袋除尘器、静电除尘器;太原市燃煤锅炉PM2.5排放因子范围为0.06~0.52kg/t,锅炉负荷越大,除尘率越高,PM2.5排放因子越小。研究结果可为山西省煤烟尘污染控制提供重要的数据支撑,为获知影响燃煤锅炉烟尘颗粒物中PM2.5排放的因素及采取相应技术提供了理论依据。     

燃煤电站超低排放烟气颗粒物排放测试及特性分析

针对5台应用超低排放技术的燃煤电站机组,对其除尘单元的烟尘深度脱除能力及湿法脱硫单元的协同除尘能力进行现场测试分析.结果表明,通过燃煤电站超低排放技术改造可显著降低烟尘排放水平.采用低低温电除尘、电袋复合、旋转电极及高频电源等技术对除尘单元进行超低排放改造,除尘设备出口烟尘浓度为10.89~22.94 mg/m3,除尘效率均在99.86%以上,且工况变化时脱除效率稳定.应用托盘、单塔双循环、双塔双循环等技术对湿法脱硫系统进行超低排放改造,测试期间WFGD系统出口烟尘排放浓度分别为2.09,10.48,20.40 mg/m3,WFGD系统协同除尘效率分别为87.18%,85.52%,79.80%.相比改造前烟尘协同脱除能力均有明显提升,其中双塔双循环WFGD系统对细颗粒的脱除能力显著高于单塔系统.     

石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫过程中SO_3酸雾脱除特性

基于石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫工艺,分析探讨了湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)过程中对SO_3酸雾脱除机理,并考察了脱硫操作条件、塔入口烟气飞灰浓度及不同煤质组分对SO_3酸雾脱除效率的影响.结果表明,湿法烟气脱硫过程中SO_3酸雾可通过脱硫浆液的吸收以及对吸附SO_3酸雾颗粒物的捕集而脱除.单塔湿法烟气脱硫系统对SO_3酸雾脱除效率为25%~50%;随着脱硫液气比和脱硫塔入口飞灰浓度增加、脱硫入口烟气温度下降,湿法烟气脱硫系统对SO_3酸雾脱除效率均有所提高.实际电厂双塔湿法烟气脱硫系统对SO_3酸雾脱除效率为50%~65%,随着煤中硫分与灰分的增加,SO_3酸雾脱除效率随之提高.     

燃烧过程中有害物质的富集与超细颗粒物的形成

燃煤排放的超细颗粒物及其上富集的有害物质已对环境和人类健康造成了巨大危害.通过对烟煤在沉降炉内燃烧试验研究,综合分析了煤粉粒径、燃烧温度、氧气含量对一次颗粒物形成的影响,并探讨了烟煤的膨胀特性及其对颗粒物形成的影响;采用最新的采样方法和系统从空气动力学直径角度对多台燃煤锅炉除尘器入口、出口的飞灰颗粒进行13级分级取样,得到了除尘器前后飞灰颗粒、元素的质量粒径分布规律、元素分布富集规律及不同除尘器对不同粒径颗粒的除尘效率;揭示了有害元素在超细颗粒物上的分布规律;针对燃后区化学团聚促进作用进行了实验研究,发现团聚剂能较好促进超细颗粒物团聚,使烟尘排放减低50%.     

校园大气环境不同高度PM_(2.5)的物理化学特征比较

大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)已经成为影响我国大气环境质量和人们身体健康的首要污染物.作为青少年集中学习和生活的校园环境的空气质量状况已经成为多方关注的热点.为研究校园环境大气细颗粒物的空间分布状况及其物理化学特征,在不同高度(5,40 m)设立采样点,同步采集大气PM2.5样品,利用高分辨扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱仪(scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer,SEM-EDS)分析了不同高度和不同时间段校园大气环境中PM2.5的微观组成、化学组分,得出如下主要结论:校园环境PM2.5的微观组分主要有燃煤飞灰颗粒、矿物颗粒(原生的和新生的矿物颗粒)、烟尘集合体以及无法鉴定的颗粒物;5 m高度处采集的颗粒物的质量浓度和数浓度均高于40 m高度处,5 m高度处PM2.5的矿物颗粒相对较多,而40 m高度处PM2.5的烟尘集合体相对较多;晚上样品中颗粒物数量和种类都比白天要多.     

燃烧源PM2.5微粒润湿性能

利用W ashburn动态渗透压力法研究了燃煤电厂与垃圾焚烧发电厂PM2.5微粒的润湿性能及其与微粒形态和组分的关系,并考察了添加润湿剂(十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、JFC、FS-310、Silanol w22)对水润湿燃烧源PM2.5的改善作用.利用扫描电镜和X-射线能谱分析了微粒的形态和化学组分.结果表明:微粒的形态和组分对润湿性能有较大影响,垃圾焚烧发电厂PM2.5微粒的水润湿性能优于燃煤电厂PM2.5;不同润湿剂改善燃烧源PM2.5微粒润湿性的效果与微粒特性密切相关,SDS,Silanol w22可明显改善燃煤电厂PM2.5微粒的润湿性能,而FS-310,JFC则对垃圾焚烧电厂PM2.5微粒有显著改善作用;研究结果可为利用蒸汽相变提高燃烧源PM2.5脱除效果及湿法除尘提供重要基础.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.