青藏铁路工程对高寒草地生态系统的影响

分析了青藏铁路冻土区段高寒生态系统主要分布类型及其变化背景，利用对青藏公路工程的类比调查数据，研究了不同高寒生态系统对工程扰动的抗干扰能力和受损后的自然恢复能力，以及不同生态系统与冻土环境的相互关系。综合考虑干扰场地土壤环境，冻土条件以及不同生态系统对干扰的抵抗与恢复能力等要素，提出了评价青藏铁路对生态环境影响的综合干扰度方法和定量评价模型，基于未来不同气候演变情境及其与人类工程活动耦合下冻土环境变化及其对高寒生态系统的影响。结合青藏铁路施工方案，定量评价了青藏铁路工程对高寒生态系统的可能影响。结果表明：大部分严重干扰施工地带对高寒草甸草地只有中等程度影响，影响区高寒草地植被覆盖度将维持在50％以上，高寒草原区重工程扰动地带除了局部有明显影响外，大部分地区只有中等至轻度影响，而中度与轻度工程扰动区域，工程对高寒生态系统的影响轻微。     

Temporal and spatial variations of the active layer along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway in a permafrost region

Using monitored active layer thickness(ALT) and environmental variables of 10 observation fields along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway in permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP),a model for ALT estimation was developed.The temporal and spatial characteristics of the ALT were also analyzed.The results showed that in the past 30 years ALT in the study region increased at a rate of 1.33 cm a-1.Temperatures at the upper limit of permafrost and at 50 cm depth,along with soil cumulative temperature at 5 cm depth also exhibited a rising trend.Soil heat flux increased at a rate of 0.1 Wm-2 a-1.All the above changes demonstrated that the degradation of permafrost happened in the study region on the QTP.The initial thawing date of active layer was advanced,while the initial freezing date was delayed.The number of thawing days increased to a rate of 1.18 da-1.The variations of active layer were closely related to the permafrost type,altitude,underlying surface type and soil composition.The variations were more evident in cold permafrost region than in warm permafrost region,in high-altitude region than in low-altitude region,in alpine meadow region than in alpine steppe region;and in fine-grained soil region than in coarse-grained soil region.     

Approaches to prediction of impact of Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction on alpine ecosystems alongside and its recovery

With the aid of the Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, the ecosystem pattern and fragility distribution maps of the 50-km-wide zone along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were compiled and by using the superimposition method, range, area and indexes of the impact of various engineering activities on the ecosystems alongside the railway were studied. By making reference to the ecosystem recovery process of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, mechanisms of recovery of the alpine ecosystems alongside the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were studied and extents and rates of the recovery were predicted.The results indicate that the impact of the railway engineering on the Alpine ecosystem depends mainly on how much the original surface soil in the zone has been disturbed and how fragile of the ecosystem per se. Restoration of vegetation coverage and species abundance shows a significantly reverse relationship with disturbance of the original surface soil but an extremely positive one with the length of the restoration period and mean annual precipitation and annual mean relative humidity in the period and no obvious bearings with altitude and temperature. In sections with an annual precipitation over 200mm, as long as a certain percentage of original soil is left in situ, it takes only 30 years or so for biodiversity to get basically restored to the original level after the construction is completed but at least 45-60 years or more for vegetation coverage.     

Vegetation Restoration Technique System and Its Ecological Functions of the Degraded Ecosystem in the Arid-Hot Valleys —— Taking the Example of Typical Mode in Small Watershed of Yuanmou

This paper concluded the vegetation restoration technique system in the arid-hot valleys and studied the anti-erosion function, environmental function and biological diversity effects of vegetation restoration on the ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys. The results showed that the soil erodibility decreased significantly after the vegetation restoration. The climate environment of the small watershed had a great improvement after the vegetation restoration, of which the temperature decreased, the humidity increased, the harsh environment of dry and hot in this region changed. The studies of the ecosystem biodiversity were mainly on the analysis of the relations between biodiversity and ecological function of the artificial ecological forest pattern and the natural enclosed treatment mode on the severely of degraded land. It could conclude that the natural enclosed treatment mode is helpful to the biodiversity of the ecosystem and the improvement and stability of the ecosystem, and Leucaena artificial forest restoration pattern reduced the species diversity but optimized the ecological function. Therefore, as to the severely and extremely severely degraded ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys, Leucaena pattern of gully control and natural enclosed treatment mode are the relatively optimal choices.     

Classification of vegetation in North Tibet Plateau based on MODIS time-series data

Based on the 16d-composite MODIS （moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer）-NDVI（normalized difference vegetation index） time-series data in 2004, vegetation in North Tibet Plateau was classified and seasonal variations on the pixels selected from different vegetation type were analyzed. The Savitzky-Golay filtering algorithm was applied to perform a filtration processing for MODIS-NDVI time-series data. The processed time-series curves can reflect a real variation trend of vegetation growth. The NDVI time-series curves of coniferous forest, high-cold meadow, high-cold meadow steppe and high-cold steppe all appear a mono-peak model during vegetation growth with the maximum peak occurring in August. A decision-tree classification model was established according to either NDVI time-series data or land surface temperature data. And then, both classifying and processing for vegetations were carried out through the model based on NDVI time-series curves. An accuracy test illustrates that classification results are of high accuracy and credibility and the model is conducive for studying a climate variation and estimating a vegetation production at regional even global scale.     

Influences of the degradation of swamp and alpine meadows on CO2 emission during growing season on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

CO2 emission fluxes of two types of ecosystem, swamp meadow and alpine meadow, in the Fenghuo- shan region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were studied by the static chamber-portable infrared chro- matographic method. The results showed that there was large difference in the CO2 emission fluxes between the two ecosystems and in the same ecosystem of different degradation degrees. CO2 emis- sion flux of the swamp meadow gradually decreased with increasing degradation degree, while that of the alpine meadow gradually increased with increasing degradation degree except in May. The CO2 emission flux of undegraded swamp meadow was 65.1%―80.3% higher than that of undegraded alpine meadow; and the CO2 emission flux of moderately degraded swamp meadow was 22.1%―67.5% higher than that of alpine meadow; but the CO2 emission flux of severely degraded alpine meadow was 14.3%―29.5% higher than that of swamp meadow. The soil moisture content and temperature in the upper 5 cm soil layer and above-ground biomass were significantly correlated with the CO2 emission fluxes and regarded as the main environment factors to control the CO2 emission.     

青藏高原多年冻土地区不良冻土现象对铁路建设的影响

在青藏高原高海拔地区修建铁路将遇到大片多年冻土 .讨论青藏高原多年冻土的分布规律和不良冻土现象及其对青藏铁路修建的影响 ,提出一个针对铁路建设的工程地质分区方案     

伊犁河上游典型草地生态系统氮磷含量及化学计量特征

【目的】了解伊犁河上游典型草地养分限制状况,为不同草地类型群落营养循环及植物-土壤养分管理提供理论依据,也为该区域生态环境的改善提供科学依据。【方法】通过野外调查采样和室内分析测定,采用相关性分析方法,分析了不同类型草地群落植物-土壤氮、磷、钾含量及化学计量学特征。【结果】研究区不同草地类型植物群落植物地上部分和地下部分根系的氮、磷、钾含量变异较大,山地草甸草原和高寒草甸植物地上部分氮含量荒漠草原、半荒漠草原和高寒草甸的氮含量;荒漠草原和半荒漠草原植物地下部分根系的氮含量山地草甸草原、山地草甸和高寒草甸的氮含量;不同草地群落类型植物地上部分的P含量与植物N/P比值呈显著负相关,土壤N与土壤P含量、土壤P含量与土壤N/P比值分别呈显著正相关,土壤N和土壤N/P比值极显著相关,其相关系数为0.983。【结论】研究区土壤氮素缺乏,可以考虑在草地生长过程中适当添加氮肥。     

国道219线（狮泉河至日土段）改建工程中冻土病害的防治

新藏公路（国道219线）沿线海拔高、气候冷,存在大量冻土区。在狮泉河至日土段沿线冻土主要是季节性冻土,容易发生路面翻浆、涎流冰、路基融沉等冻土病害。本文通过对道路沿线冻土病害主要形式、形成原因以及主要防治措施的阐述,得出利用置换填土和铺设土工织物相结合的防治方法对解决道路沿线季节性冻土十分有效。文章最后提出了在道路修建过程中要加强环境保护,减轻人为因素对冻土的扰动,并加强道路沿线监测的建议。     

青藏高原多年冻土区路基温度场数值模拟

根据青藏公路沿线近30年的气象资料，考虑太阳辐射、气温、风速、风向、蒸发等第二类、第三类边界条件，结合路线走向、路基高度、路面类型状况，对青藏公路五道梁地区路基温度场进行有限元分析。经验证，计算结果与路基温度场实测资料基本一致。有限元分析表明，在年周期内路基边界处的温度仍然可按正弦曲线较好地加以拟合；路线走向对冻土路基温度场的对称性有着重要影响，东西走向路基阴阳坡效应最为显著，南北走向路基的温度场基本对称；当路基存在坡向差异时，其阴阳坡效应的强弱与季节密切相关，夏季较弱，冬季较强。     

海洋和陆域天然气水合物开发的环境影响比较

我国在南海和青海冻土区发现了天然气水合物矿藏,但正视并研究天然气水合物开发的潜在环境影响风险是安全合理开发利用它的前提.由于海洋和陆域天然气水合物有其自身的赋存条件,它们的环境影响风险必然存在差异：海洋天然气水合物具有气候效应、海洋生态威胁、海底地质灾害等潜在环境影响风险,而陆域天然气水合物的潜在环境影响风险表现在气候效应、冻土层和高寒草甸破坏、陆地生态威胁、地陷和塌方等方面.可以通过采用安全可靠的具有针对性的开发技术并控制工程过程等措施来应对环境影响风险.     

青藏铁路运营期间冻土路基裂缝问题研究

运营期青藏铁路冻土区路基工程最值得关注的变化是不同部位裂缝的发生和发展以及对线路安全运行的影响.通过对不同时期青藏铁路多年冻土区路基工程裂缝发生发展影响因素的分析,认为冻土区路基工程基底地温场的不对称以及基底土体冻融过程不同步是路基工程变形裂缝发生的主要原因,路基坡脚和周围冻土水热环境变化是裂缝发展的拉动力,路基填料性质也是不容忽略的因素;根据运营期间冻土路基热状态和工程状态分析,对运营期青藏铁路冻土路基工程状态进行了初步评价,并提出了减少或消除地温场的不对称及保护路基坡脚冻土环境,从而抑制冻土路基裂缝的工程对策.     

Relations between the underground biomass and soil organic carbon and nitrogen of the alpine meadow at the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

This article, by combining field investigation with laboratorial analysis, studies diverse alpine meadow at the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for the underground biomass dynamics, vertical distribution of the content of soil carbon and nitrogen, the connection between the biomass and the content of carbon and nitrogen. The studies show that underground biomass in the herb layer of upland meadow is more than that in the terrace meadow, while underground biomass in the upland shrubland is the most. The vertical distribution of underground biomass of each type is obvious as in shape of＂T＂. As to the distribution of the content of soil organic carbon in the three sample grounds, it showed that the deeper the soil the less the content of soil organic carbon. In May, unlike at terrace meadow, the underground biomass and the content of soil organic carbon in positive proportion, such revelation at upland meadow and upland shrubland is not apparent. In July, at upland meadow and terrace meadow the underground biomass and the content of soil total nitrogen in positive proportion, such revelation at upland shrubland is not apparent either.     

我国北方温带草地土壤微生物群落组成及其环境影响因素

选择我国北方温带草原中的草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原3种类型共13个样点进行调查,对土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)进行测定。对土壤微生物群落进行无量度多维标定排序(nonmetric multidimensional scaling,NMDS),排序后的样点空间异质性显示3种草原类型微生物群落结构差异明显。结合10种环境因素,对土壤微生物群落组成进行冗余分析,解释率达到79.87%。研究结果表明:土壤含水量、土壤总碳和土壤总氮影响草甸草原土壤微生物群落组成;典型草原土壤微生物群落组成主要受到土壤轻组碳和土壤轻组氮的调节;影响荒漠草原土壤微生物群落组成的因素为年均温和土壤p H值。     

不同类型草原生态系统土壤物理性状

对我国北方草甸草原（CD）、典型草原（DD）、荒漠草原（HD）生态系统的土壤物理性状进行研究．我国草原类型从东到西分别为草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原,结果表明其土壤容重逐渐增加,孔隙度逐渐减小．荒漠草原土壤砂粒含量最大,大于典型草原和草甸草原．方差分析表明,三种类型草原土壤容重、孔隙度和黏粒含量之间差异极显著．     

青藏铁路路基工程可靠性分析思路浅析

青藏铁路沿线多年冻土具有强烈的时空变异性，多年冻土变异性受到了许多不确定因素的影响。气候变化不确定性、工程影响本身的不确定性、冻土工程性质变化的不确定性以及多年冻土变化的不确定性等，必须依靠不确定性的研究方法来实现，因此，必须引进可靠性评价的思路来分析路基稳定性变化。主要分析了青藏铁路多年冻土空间变异性和多年冻土工程性质变异性，论述了工程可靠性分析在青藏铁路冻土路基工程稳定性分析中应用的必要性；结合冻土路基工程稳定性特点给出了冻土路基工程可能的失效模式；结合多年冻土区路基设计原则，对冻土路基工程稳定性进行了可靠性设计和评价。     

特殊气候条件对多年冻土地区路基的影响

为了揭示多年冻土地区路基病害发生的根源，基于青藏高原五道梁、沱沱河和安多等地的气象资料，研究了特殊气候条件对青藏公路路基的影响。从青藏高原年平均气温变化曲线及年降水变化曲线入手，考虑路基周期冻结和融化过程中水分迁移及相变作用，结合SWS-3型连续面波仪的路基强度测试结果，分析了青藏公路纵向裂缝、波浪扭曲变形和不均匀沉陷等典型病害的发生机理。研究发现：青藏高原的低温特征使得路基常年处于冻结和融化的交替状态；雨季集中、固态降水特征致使路侧积水严重；在特殊的气候夺件下路基土体的动弹性模量由最初的均匀分布逐渐过渡到不均匀状态；路基两侧的积水及土体的冻融疏松是造成路基强度不均匀分布、产生病害的直接原因。     

Experimental Study on Riprap Air-Cooled Roadbed of Qinghai-Tibet Railway

The riprap air-cooled roadbed and common roadbed experimental project were designed and carried on in Qingshuihe test filed, an area of warm permafrost category with the fine frozen soil along Qinghai-Tibet Railway, to decide the temperature field of the roadbed after railway construction. Based on ground temperature variation of natural hole, left and fight shoulder＇ s hole, the maximum thawing depth, and the deformation in these two kinds of roadbed were analysed comparatively. It showed that the riprap air-cooled roadbed had better effect of lowering ground temperature, lifting the maximum frozen-thawing depth obviously and decreasing deformation than that of the common roadbed. Therefore, the riprap air-cooled roadbed was a positive frozen soil protection measure for it effectively decreased ground temperature and protected permafrost.     

基于人工神经网络的青藏公路铁路沿线生态系统风险研究

根据青藏公路铁路沿线（50 km缓冲区）生态系统特征,选取雪灾、旱灾、崩塌滑坡等7项指标,依托人工神经网络MLP（Multilayer Percetron）模型,构建青藏公路铁路沿线生态风险评价模型。评价结果显示：青藏公路铁路沿线生态系统所跨越的6个自然区的平均生态风险值居前3位的是：柴达木山地荒漠区（4.2585）,果洛那曲高寒灌丛草甸区（2.7640）、青东祁连山地草原区（2.7335）;沿线10种植被生态系统平均生态风险值居前3位的是：针叶林生态系统（4.3096）、荒漠生态系统（4.1174）和无植被地段（3.6182）。在影响各区、各植被生态系统风险值大小的因素中,自然因素为主要控制因素,人为因素影响相对较弱。依据评价结果,将青藏公路铁路沿线生态系统划分为4个区：柴达木盆地高风险区、西大滩至当雄中度风险区、青东祁连和青南2个轻度风险区。     

公路建设中的生态环境影响分析与保护

全面分析公路建设中和运营中对沿线生态环境的影响,包括其占用土地面积,对环境的污染和对土地生物多样性的破坏等,从而提出了在公路建设中和运营中重视生态环境的应对措施。