Thermodynamic simulation of the effect of slag chemistry on the corrosion behavior of alumina–chromia refractory

The corrosion behavior of alumina–chromia refractory against two kinds of industrial slags (coal slag and iron smelting slag) at 1550°C was investigated via thermodynamic simulations. In the proposed simulation model, the initial slag first attacks the matrix and surface aggregates and subsequently attacks the inner aggregates. The simulation results indicate that the slag chemistry strongly affects the phase formation and corrosion behavior of the refractory brick. Greater amounts of alumina were dissolved and spinel solid phases formed when the brick interacted with iron smelting slag. These phenomena, as well as the calculated lower viscosity, may lead to much deeper penetration than that exhibited by coal slag and to more severe corrosion compared to that induced by coal slag. The thermodynamic calculations well match the experimental observations, demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed simulation model for evaluating the corrosion behavior of alumina–chromia refractory.     

Nonlinear Constitutive Equation for Green Sand Considering the Tri-axial Compression Behavior

The compression characteristics of green sand were investigated experimentally, including the squeezing and yielding during deformation. An expression was developed for the transient compression modulus of sand during compression. Based on the hypothesis put forward of the compression state, the differential equation for the nonlinear constitutive equation was deduced by introducing a move-yield potential function. The state constitutive equation under the tri-axial experiment is further studied according to the sand attributes, considering the differential form of Hooke‘s law and the Mohr-Coulomb condition. The related experiment data are applied to verify the proposed constitutive model of sand.     

Predicting the Maximum Load of Reinforced-Concrete Pipe Columns

To simplify the calculation of the maximum load at which instability occurs for reinforced-concrete pipe columns under eccentric compression, a method based on the transformed cross-sectional area of the column and the concrete secant modulus of elasticity is proposed, consisting of an iterative process in which a sequence of lateral deflections is at column mid-height. The method assumes the deflected shape of the column as a half cosine wave. Analytical results were compared with experimental values obtained from 16 reinforced-concrete pipe columns. Using deflection at column mid-height recorded during the loading process, a typical load-deflection curve can be plotted and used to describe column behavior. The experimental results demonstrate that the failure of concrete columns is a process. The starting point is the cracking load point, when cracks are initiated in the concrete of the tensile zone of the critical cross-section of specimens. The maximum load point is the top of the failure process, and then the maximum bending moment occurs. The first point represents instability while the second one corresponds to the strength failure of the columns. The experimental results are close to the analytical values. The method is simple and can be used for stability analysis of reinforced-concrete pipe columns.     

Application of the lattice Boltzmann method to electrohydrodynamics： Deformation and instability of liquid drops in electrostatic fields

It is attractive and meaningful to apply the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to electrohydrodynamic (EHD) problems. As an important and fundamental problem in EHD, the behavior of freely-suspended liquid drops subjected to electrostatic fields was simulated with a 2-D LBM by means of the permittiv- ity-density relation proposed by the authors and Peng’s multiphase LBM which can obtain high liquid-to-vapor density ratio and low liquid-phase compressibility. The phenomena and laws of deformation, especially the instable behavior of the liquid drops were well simulated. And two important critical parameters, i.e. the critical permittivity ratio and the critical electric-field strength were obtained. These results agree with the corresponding theories and experiments. The simulations show the particular advantages and potential of the LBM in studying multiphase electrohydrodynamic problems.     

Prediction of Flexural Deformation of Reinforcement Concrete Beams with Polynomial Tension Stiffening Model

Based on an assumption of parabolic bond stress distribution,a simplified model with quartic polynomial function of the relative slip of steel bar and surrounding concrete for reinforced concrete (RC)tensile member was proposed. The post-cracking behavior as well as tension stiffening effect was considered in the new model. The relative slip of bending member could also be determined through the extension of the new model,which could be applied to obtaining the concentrated rotations at certain sections in order to predict the flexural deformation of RC beam. Several examples of four-point bending RC beams were approached to verify the new model,and the predictions of the flexural deflections of RC beams agreed well with experimental results. The new model can be extended to the application of partially corroded RC beam.     

Effects of hot compression deformation temperature on the microstructure and properties of Al-Zr-La alloys

The main goal of this study is to investigate the microstructure and electrical properties of Al-Zr-La alloys under different hot compression deformation temperatures. In particular, a Gleeble 3500 thermal simulator was used to carry out multi-pass hot compression tests. For five-pass hot compression deformation, the last-pass deformation temperatures were 240, 260, 300, 340, 380, and 420℃, respectively, where the first-pass deformation temperature was 460℃. The experimental results indicated that increasing the hot compression deformation temperature with each pass resulted in improved electrical conductivity of the alloy. Consequently, the flow stress was reduced after deformation of the samples subjected to the same number of passes. In addition, the dislocation density gradually decreased and the grain size increased after hot compression deformation. Furthermore, the dynamic recrystallization behavior was effectively suppressed during the hot compression process because spherical Al₃Zr precipitates pinned the dislocation movement effectively and prevented grain boundary sliding.     

Hot deformation behavior of uniform fine-grained GH4720Li alloy based on its processing map

The hot deformation behavior of uniform fine-grained GH4720Li alloy was studied in the temperature range from 1040 to 1130℃ and the strain-rate range from 0.005 to 0.5 s?1 using hot compression testing. Processing maps were constructed on the basis of compression data and a dynamic materials model. Considerable flow softening associated with superplasticity was observed at strain rates of 0.01 s?1 or lower. According to the processing map and observations of the microstructure, the uniform fine-grained microstructure remains intact at 1100℃ or lower because of easily activated dynamic recrystallization (DRX), whereas obvious grain growth is observed at 1130℃. Metallurgical instabilities in the form of non-uniform microstructures under higher and lower Zener–Hollomon parameters are induced by local plastic flow and primary γ′ local faster dissolution, respectively. The optimum processing conditions at all of the investigated strains are proposed as 1090–1130℃ with 0.08–0.5 s?1 and 0.005–0.008 s?1 and 1040–1085℃ with 0.005–0.06 s?1.     

Experimental study on load bearing behavior of large-scaled caps with pile groups

The objective of this investigation was to study the behavior of deep pile caps and the ultimate load-carrying capacity. Four 1/10 scaled models of nine-pile caps were cast and tested on vertical loads to failure. The destruction shapes of pile caps,the correlation between load and displacement,and the internal stresses were analyzed systematically. The results demonstrated that the failures of all the four models are resulted from punching shear; the internal flow of the forces in nine-pile caps can be approximated by ＂strut-and-tie＂ model. Furthermore,the failure loads of these specimens were predicted by some of the present design methods and the calculated results were compared with the experimental loads. The comparative results also indicated that the ＂strut-and-tie＂ model is a more reasonable design method for deep pile caps design.     

Network platform for remote structural testing and shared use of laboratories

This paper presents a network platform developed for remote testing of scaled model or prototype structures and structural elements. The network platform, NetSLab, was developed based on the client/server concept along with a proposed data model and the communication protocols. The platform is capable of transferring the control and feedback data as well as signals among remotely located structural testing laboratories or computers connected by Internet. Several concepts were introduced to develop the platform and to provide relatively easy and friendly interface for applications and further enhancement. Trial and actual tests were successfully carried out at the Hunan University, China and the University of Southern California, USA. Models simulating bridge piers and piles or building substructures were subjected to recorded earthquake ground motions, and the tests were controlled remotely over the Internet using the platform.     

Dynamic prediction of building subsidence deformation with data-based mechanistic self-memory model

This paper describes a building subsidence deformation prediction model with the self-memorization principle.According to the non-linear specificity and monotonic growth characteristics of the time series of building subsidence deformation,a data-based mechanistic self-memory model considering randomness and dynamic features of building subsidence deformation is established based on the dynamic data retrieved method and the self-memorization equation.This model first deduces the differential equation of the building subsidence deformation system using the dynamic retrieved method,which treats the monitored time series data as particular solutions of the nonlinear dynamic system.Then,the differential equation is evolved into a difference-integral equation by the self-memory function to establish the self-memory model of dynamic system for predicting nonlinear building subsidence deformation.As the memory coefficients of the proposed model are calculated with historical data,which contain useful information for the prediction and overcome the shortcomings of the average prediction,the model can predict extreme values of a system and provide higher fitting precision and prediction accuracy than deterministic or random statistical prediction methods.The model was applied to subsidence deformation prediction of a building in Xi’an.It was shown that the model is valid and feasible in predicting building subsidence deformation with good accuracy.     

混凝土细观损伤破坏过程的数值模拟

在细观层次上,把混凝土看作是由水泥砂浆、骨料及二者之间的界面组成的复合材料,应用渐变网格剖分方法对随机投放的骨料、界面和水泥砂浆进行网格剖分,删除多余节点,重新排列节点顺序,生成三维随机骨料分布的细观有限元数值模型.利用该模型分别进行了混凝土的单轴拉伸、压缩、劈拉和梁弯曲等数值试验,分析了不同界面参数、不同砂浆损伤参数、不同加载形式对混凝土试件的变形特点、破坏形式以及承载能力的影响,探讨了混凝土宏观力学性能(如应变软化和剪胀等性质)的细观机制.     

混凝土受压性能的非均质细观数值模拟

将混凝土看作是由骨料、砂浆及它们之间的界面组成的三相复合材料,在细观层次上建立了非均质混凝土棱柱体试件的随机骨料模型,分别赋予细观单元弹脆性损伤本构关系或弹塑性本构关系,研究了采用不同本构关系的混凝土棱柱体试件在单轴压缩荷载作用下的细观损伤演化过程,获得了相应的混凝土单轴受压宏观应力-应变曲线,并将计算结果与试验结果做了比较.结果表明:混凝土试件的破坏是由于细观损伤的积累导致的;非均质模型计算所得的宏观应力-应变曲线上升段与试验结果吻合相对较好,弹塑性本构模型计算所得的曲线下降段比弹脆性模型更接近于试验曲线.     

再生混凝土多孔砖砌体轴心抗压强度试验

制作再生混凝土骨料替代率为75%、抗压强度达到MU10的再生混凝土多孔砖。对18个再生混凝土多孔砖砌体试件在轴心荷载作用下的试验进行研究。考察再生混凝土多孔砖砌体在不同砂浆强度下的受压性能和极限承载力,分析砌体的受压变形过程和破坏特征。结果表明:再生混凝土多孔砖砌体的受压性能和普通混凝土多孔砖砌体的受压性能基本相似,极限状态时多孔砖砌体被贯通的竖向裂缝分隔成若干独立小立柱,小立柱被压坏,再生混凝土多孔砖砌体轴心抗压强度略小于普通混凝土多孔砖砌体。通过对试验数据的分析,参考现行《砌体结构设计规范》建议的公式,提出了再生混凝土多孔砖砌体的轴心抗压强度计算公式。     

新型混凝土横孔空心砌块砌体受压性能研究

针对混凝土竖孔空心砌块存在的热、渗、裂等问题,提出并研究了一种混凝土横孔空心砌块.通过对9组(共54个)这种混凝土横孔砌块砌体的受压性能试验研究,了解了这种新型横孔砌块砌体的变形特征及破坏机理.基于试验结果并参考现行国家规范,提出了这种新型横孔砌块砌体的抗压强度计算方法.通过引入砌体对数型应力-应变关系模型,得到了这种新型横孔砌块受压应力-应变计算公式和弹性模量计算方法,对比结果表明,弹性模量计算值与试验值吻合良好.本文工作解决了新型横孔砌块抗压强度设计问题,为单轴受压下新型横孔砌块的内力分析和有限元分析提供了重要依据.     

刚性弹侵彻混凝土靶细观尺度模型的建立

与宏观尺度模型相比,混凝土细观尺度模型能够更加全面准确地描述混凝土的力学行为。编写了三维随机球形粗骨料的生成和投放程序,并采用一种基于背景网格的材料识别技术完成了水泥砂浆、粗骨料、界面过渡区三种网格的生成,建立了三维三相混凝土细观有限元模型。基于这一模型,运用连续有限元软件对刚性弹侵彻混凝土过程进行了仿真模拟。结果表明,与宏观模型相比混凝土细观模型能够更加真实地反映侵彻过程中混凝土的力学行为。     

黏聚单元嵌入技术及其在混凝土细观分析模型中的应用

采用针对随机颗粒的渐变网格剖分和黏聚单元嵌入的方案,建立骨料-砂浆-界面的三维高效细观有限元模型,并在单机上实现了混凝土标准试样的单轴拉伸和单轴压缩数值试验。结果表明:该嵌入方案能够捕捉到骨料-砂浆界面由弱连接到脱开的全过程,再现混凝土试样的破坏形态;通过对细观模拟结果获得的应力-应变关系曲线的对比分析,一定程度上揭示了混凝土宏观力学特性的内在机理,为探究混凝土类复合材料宏观力学特性的内在机制提供了技术保障。     

用刚体弹簧元法研究全级配混凝土力学性能

提出了采用刚体弹簧元法在细观层次上对全级配混凝土的力学特性及破坏机理进行数值研究的方法.该方法首先根据全级配混凝土骨料级配曲线和Walraven函数,使用蒙特卡罗随机理论建立起考虑细观各相力学特性分布不均匀性的随机骨料结构,并对其进行三角形或任意多边形的网格剖分;然后应用刚体弹簧元模型,对全级配混凝土在单轴及双轴荷载下的变形和力学性能进行了系统性的数值试验,并探讨了不同骨料级配及试件尺寸对混凝土力学性能的影响.与实际试验结果的比较表明运用该方法数值模拟全级配混凝土的力学性能是可行的.     

受火(高温)后混凝土的随机损伤本构关系

结合受火(高温)后混凝土的损伤形态和破坏特征,研究了基于损伤随机演化下受火(高温)后混凝土受拉和受压损伤发展的随机演化规律.引入弹簧损伤单元模型,考虑混凝土初始损伤、受火损伤及裂缝闭合下损伤愈合等因子,利用Weibull分布函数进行推演,建立了受火后混凝土单轴抗拉、单轴抗压的随机损伤本构关系模型.通过计算结果与试验数据的对比验证,从理论结果而非试验数据的拟合上解释了受火(影响)后混凝土应力-应变的四大特点,证实了运用随机损伤本构关系反映受火后混凝土破坏机理的可行性.     

混凝土材料的动态力学性能研究

为研究混凝土材料的动态力学性能,通过自行编制的粗集料颗粒在混凝土材料中随机分布的二维生成程序,将混凝土作为水泥砂浆和粗集料组成的两相复合材料建立二维有限元模型,对混凝土复合材料在静动态压缩载荷作用下的力学性能和破坏形态进行了模拟. 在与实验结果比较的基础上,验证了有限元模型的有效性,进而分析了粗集料粒径级配和粗集料体积分数对混凝土材料动态力学性能和破坏形态的影响,为混凝土材料的优化和设计提供依据.      

玻璃纤维增强塑料约束再生混凝土轴压试验

主要以再生粗集料取代率为试验研究参数,完成了9个玻璃纤维增强塑料(GFRP)约束再生混凝土圆柱试件的轴压试验,重点分析了试件的受压破坏特性、轴向力-纵向位移关系、横向应变发展以及约束再生混凝土的横向变形系数的变化规律.试验和分析结果表明:GFRP约束再生混凝土纵向应力-应变关系呈弹性上升、弹塑性上升、下降、应变强化等4个阶段,其强度得到明显提高,变形性能得到改善,核心再生混凝土和GFRP管之间滑移较小,含再生粗集料试件的横向变形系数普遍低于不含再生粗集料的试件.