东方百合试管苗移栽驯化期叶片的解剖结构变化

研究了东方百合试管苗移栽驯化过程中叶片的结构变化。结果表明：百合叶属于等面叶,随着移栽驯化时间的延长,叶片厚度增加,表皮细胞体积增大、排列紧密,气孔具备自我调节功能,叶肉细胞胞间隙减小,栅栏组织细胞的形态由梨形向短柱形转变,组织结构渐趋完善。     

Colloidal nanocrystal synthesis and the organic-inorganic interface

Colloidal nanocrystals are solution-grown, nanometre-sized, inorganic particles that are stabilized by a layer of surfactants attached to their surface. The inorganic cores possess useful properties that are controlled by their composition, size and shape, and the surfactant coating ensures that these structures are easy to fabricate and process further into more complex structures. This combination of features makes colloidal nanocrystals attractive and promising building blocks for advanced materials and devices. Chemists are achieving ever more exquisite control over the composition, size, shape, crystal structure and surface properties of nanocrystals, thus setting the stage for fully exploiting the potential of these remarkable materials.     

Highly fecund mothers sacrifice offspring survival to maximize fitness

Why do highly fecund organisms apparently sacrifice offspring size for increased numbers when offspring survival generally increases with size? The theoretical tools for understanding this evolutionary trade-off between number and size of offspring have developed over the past 25 years; however, the absence of data on the relation between offspring size and fitness in highly fecund species, which would control for potentially confounding variables, has caused such models to remain largely hypothetical. Here we manipulate egg size, controlling for maternal trait interactions, and determine the causal consequences of offspring size in a wild population of Atlantic salmon. The joint effect of egg size on egg number and offspring survival resulted in stabilizing phenotypic selection for an optimal size. The optimal egg size differed only marginally from the mean value observed in the population, suggesting that it had evolved mainly in response to selection on maternal rather than offspring fitness. We conclude that maximization of maternal fitness by sacrificing offspring survival may well be a general phenomenon among highly fecund organisms.     

闭孔泡沫铝的孔结构控制

为适应高技术应用中超轻闭孔泡沫铝对孔结构更高的控制要求，对过去十余年中进行的相关研究工作进行了系统整理，发现了胞体尺寸、孔隙率和孔形貌三者之间的内在关系，确定了孔结构控制的关键步骤和相互关系，建立了熔体发泡法影响孔结构控制的工艺技术框架，结合该框架系统论述了3个关键孔结构控制参数（胞体尺寸、孔隙率和孔形貌）与实际应用、制备技术、工艺过程的关系．研究表明，孔结构演变和制备技术工艺中黏度、发泡时间、凝固方式等诸多因素相互影响，互为因果，使得发泡和凝固过程变得十分复杂，给孔结构控制带来困难．要获得高孔隙率泡沫铝，对于纯铝泡沫，不仅需要根据熔体泡沫化时间与孔隙率的对应关系精确控制孔隙率，而且要在孔隙率一时间平台段适时凝固以控制孔径和均匀性，而对于泡沫铝合金，还需要采用多向凝固模式，克服凝固过程中固一液两相区的附加力场引发的收缩问题．对于新型球形孔泡沫铝合金，则需要进一步控制适量的发泡剂（1．0％）和发泡搅拌时间（100s），使平台段降至低孔隙率阶段．面对高技术领域新的需求，提出的二次发泡法较其他技术在制备异型件方面具有更大的优势，并且其延伸发展技术在多功能大型面板开发上具有进一步发展的潜质．     

Recent advances of morphology adaptive nanomaterials for anti-cancer drug delivery

The morphology of nanomaterials combines the characteristics of their size, shape and spatial structure. Owing to the improved spatiotemporal control of the nanocarriers for anti-cancer drug delivery, the morphology adaptive nanomaterials have received tremendous attention in the field of nanomedicine, while they are able to respond through chemical or physical change. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements of morphology adaptive nanomaterials and their application in anti-cancer drug delivery system, wherein the size, shape and spatial structure of nanocarriers can be changed to adapt the complex living system, thus overcoming the pathological barriers in drug delivery. The overview of the recent examples shows that each step of delivery process can be improved by the morphology adaption, which represents the great potential for clinic translation of morphology adaptive nanomaterials.     

纳米材料毒性机制及其影响因素

纳米材料以其独特的物理化学性质被广泛应用到工农业和人们生活的各个领域,随着纳米材料的生产加工和使用,纳米材料可以经过大气循环、水循环、生物循环进入生态环境,进而侵染生物体,影响人类健康.因此,纳米材料的毒性问题日益受到人们的关注,而纳米材料毒性机制和影响因素是纳米材料毒性研究的热点问题之一.目前,氧化应激和炎症反应是解释纳米材料毒性的两种主要机制,此外,越来越多的研究表明自噬也是纳米材料毒性的一种潜在机制,并且自噬可能与氧化应激和炎症反应相互关联.另一方面,纳米材料的物理化学性质如尺寸、形状、表面修饰等对其毒性产生重要影响.本文首先概括了纳米颗粒进入环境及侵染生物体的方式,分析纳米材料引起生物和环境毒性的机制,最后对影响纳米材料毒性的因素进行深入探讨,以期为纳米毒理学研究提供帮助.     

A keratin cytoskeletal protein regulates protein synthesis and epithelial cell growth

Cell growth, an increase in mass and size, is a highly regulated cellular event. The Akt/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signalling pathway has a central role in the control of protein synthesis and thus the growth of cells, tissues and organisms. A striking example of a physiological context requiring rapid cell growth is tissue repair in response to injury. Here we show that keratin 17, an intermediate filament protein rapidly induced in wounded stratified epithelia, regulates cell growth through binding to the adaptor protein 14-3-3sigma. Mouse skin keratinocytes lacking keratin 17 (ref. 4) show depressed protein translation and are of smaller size, correlating with decreased Akt/mTOR signalling activity. Other signalling kinases have normal activity, pointing to the specificity of this defect. Two amino acid residues located in the amino-terminal head domain of keratin 17 are required for the serum-dependent relocalization of 14-3-3sigma from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and for the concomitant stimulation of mTOR activity and cell growth. These findings reveal a new and unexpected role for the intermediate filament cytoskeleton in influencing cell growth and size by regulating protein synthesis.     

崩落法采矿中放出体流动特性的影响因素

基于颗粒元理论和PFC3D程序,构建具有矿石散体细观力学性质的放矿模型,开展崩落法采矿中放出体流动特性影响因素研究。运用统计学知识确定对放出体流动特性有显著影响的主要因素及其敏感性,得出其与放出体流动特性的关系,并通过已有研究结论与模拟结果的对比分析,验证了基于PFC3D程序的放矿模型在放出体流动特性影响因素研究中的适宜性与可靠性。研究表明：放出体颗粒形状、摩擦系数及放矿口尺寸三种因素是显著影响崩落矿岩流动特性的重要参数。在放矿初始阶段,放矿口尺寸对放出体形态影响最大,其次为摩擦系数,颗粒形状对其影响最小;在之后的放矿过程中,颗粒形状对放出体形态影响最大,其次为放矿口尺寸和摩擦系数。散体颗粒形状越不规则、散体内摩擦角越大以及放矿口尺寸越小则放矿越困难。     

Ordered porous materials for emerging applications

"Space--the final frontier." This preamble to a well-known television series captures the challenge encountered not only in space travel adventures, but also in the field of porous materials, which aims to control the size, shape and uniformity of the porous space and the atoms and molecules that define it. The past decade has seen significant advances in the ability to fabricate new porous solids with ordered structures from a wide range of different materials. This has resulted in materials with unusual properties and broadened their application range beyond the traditional use as catalysts and adsorbents. In fact, porous materials now seem set to contribute to developments in areas ranging from microelectronics to medical diagnosis.     

Evolutionary biology: adaptive developmental plasticity in snakes

The morphology of organisms is generally well matched to their environment, presumably because expression of their genes is tailored either at the population or the individual level to suit local conditions: for example, snake populations that persistently encounter large prey may accumulate gene mutations that specify a large head size, or head growth may be increased in individual snakes to meet local demands (adaptive developmental plasticity). Here we test the relative contributions of genetics and environment to the jaw sizes of two tiger snake populations: one that consumes small prey on the mainland, and an island population that relies on larger prey and has a larger jaw size. Although the idea of adaptive plasticity in response to environmental pressures is controversial, we find that both factors influence the difference in jaw size between the two populations, and the influence of developmental plasticity is greater in the island population.     

Formation of chiral morphologies through selective binding of amino acids to calcite surface steps.

Many living organisms contain biominerals and composites with finely tuned properties, reflecting a remarkable level of control over the nucleation, growth and shape of the constituent crystals. Peptides and proteins play an important role in achieving this control. But the general view that organic molecules affect mineralization through stereochemical recognition, where geometrical and chemical constraints dictate their binding to a mineral, seems difficult to reconcile with a mechanistic understanding, where crystallization is controlled by thermodynamic and kinetic factors. Indeed, traditional crystal growth models emphasize the inhibiting effect of so-called 'modifiers' on surface-step growth, rather than stereochemical matching to newly expressed crystal facets. Here we report in situ atomic force microscope observations and molecular modelling studies of calcite growth in the presence of chiral amino acids that reconcile these two seemingly divergent views. We find that enantiomer-specific binding of the amino acids to those surface-step edges that offer the best geometric and chemical fit changes the step-edge free energies, which in turn results in macroscopic crystal shape modifications. Our results emphasize that the mechanism underlying crystal modification through organic molecules is best understood by considering both stereochemical recognition and the effects of binding on the interfacial energies of the growing crystal.     

硫酸钡纳米粒子制备方法研究

研究了制备纳米BaSO4粒子的多种制备方法，用透射电子显微镜和激光粒度分析仪对合成纳米粒子的形貌、大小及粒度分布进行了表征分析，实验发现不同制备方法对纳米粒子大小及形貌均有影响，同时各种制备方法所得的纳米BaSO4粒子平均粒径小、分布窄，并探讨了各种方法的反应机理．     

生物法合成纳米金的研究进展

纳米金以它独特的光学、电学和催化性质受到人们越来越多的关注.目前,生物合成的纳米金具有经济、无毒、环境友好等特点而成为研究热点.综述了利用细菌、真菌、放线菌、酵母菌以及各种植物材料合成纳米金的方法,并将各种方法进行了比较,讨论了每种方法的特点、尺寸和形貌的控制以及合成机理.最后,展望了生物合成纳米金的应用以及未来的发展方向.     

Fractal geometry predicts varying body size scaling relationships for mammal and bird home ranges

Scaling laws that describe complex interactions between organisms and their environment as a function of body size offer exciting potential for synthesis in biology. Home range size, or the area used by individual organisms, is a critical ecological variable that integrates behaviour, physiology and population density and strongly depends on organism size. Here we present a new model of home range-body size scaling based on fractal resource distributions, in which resource encounter rates are a function of body size. The model predicts no universally constant scaling exponent for home range, but defines a possible range of values set by geometric limits to resource density and distribution. The model unifies apparently conflicting earlier results and explains differences in scaling exponents among herbivorous and carnivorous mammals and birds. We apply the model to predict that home range increases with habitat fragmentation, and that the home ranges of larger species should be much more sensitive to habitat fragmentation than those of smaller species.     

肥胖／糖尿病过程中大鼠不同部位脂肪细胞大小的比较

为比较大鼠肥胖／糖尿病过程中脂肪分布及脂肪细胞大小的变化,初步阐明脂肪细胞大小与2型糖尿病发生相关性。将Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为3组,每组12只：普通饮食组（正常对照）,高脂饮食组（肥胖）,高脂饮食＋链脲佐菌素组（糖尿病组）。第0周随机抽取6只大鼠处死后,取皮下脂肪及腹膜内脂肪,用2．5％甲醛乙醇溶液固定,进行石蜡包埋,HE染色,制成切片。在400倍光学显微镜下随机选取10个视野检测统计脂肪细胞数量及面积大小（mm^2）。在饲养过程中分别选取第6、9、12、14周等4个时间点,每个时间点各组随机处死2只大鼠,取皮下脂肪及腹膜内脂肪进行相同处理。同时,在各个时间点对大鼠体重、血糖进行检测。各组大鼠皮下脂肪细胞与腹膜内脂肪细胞大小差异均有统计学意义（F=9．653,P=0．001;F=160．605,P=0．000）,其中正常组与肥胖组、正常组与糖尿病组差异都有统计学意义,而肥胖组与糖尿病组差异无统计学意义。不同部位脂肪细胞大小的差异无统计学意义。脂肪细胞的体积增大,与大鼠体重及血糖变化相平行。大鼠脂肪细胞的体积增大与肥胖／糖尿病的演进过程相平行,大鼠脂肪组织的分布与脂肪细胞的大小无明显相关性。     

LG610L汽车大梁钢的拉伸断口及显微结构分析

利用拉伸试验机、金相显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜等检测工具,对LG610L钢板不同位置的试样进行检测分析,研究结果表明:LG610L钢表面处的组织晶粒比较细小,平均尺寸约为7 μm,越靠近中心处晶粒尺寸越大,中心处的晶粒平均直径约为13 μm.在横向的1/4处珠光体呈较明显的带状分布,而在表面和中心处带状组织不明显.拉伸断口为韧性断口,其中纤维区为典型的等轴韧窝,放射区多为撕裂韧窝或剪切韧窝,外缘区为涟波花样和无特征区域.析出物呈蚕豆状,其长度方向尺寸范围为15～30 nm,宽度方向尺寸范围为5～12 nm,且呈弥散分布,分布的形状呈“虚线”状.     

Chance and necessity: the evolution of morphological complexity and diversity

The primary foundation for contemplating the possible forms of life elsewhere in the Universe is the evolutionary trends that have marked life on Earth. For its first three billion years, life on Earth was a world of microscopic forms, rarely achieving a size greater than a millimetre or a complexity beyond two or three cell types. But in the past 600 million years, the evolution of much larger and more complex organisms has transformed the biosphere. Despite their disparate forms and physiologies, the evolution and diversification of plants, animals, fungi and other macroforms has followed similar global trends. One of the most important features underlying evolutionary increases in animal and plant size, complexity and diversity has been their modular construction from reiterated parts. Although simple filamentous and spherical forms may evolve wherever cellular life exists, the evolution of motile, modular mega-organisms might not be a universal pattern.     

A neurological dissociation between perceiving objects and grasping them

Studies of the visual capacity of neurological patients have provided evidence for a dissociation between the perceptual report of a visual stimulus and the ability to direct spatially accurate movements toward that stimulus. Some patients with damage to the parietal lobe, for example, are unable to reach accurately towards visual targets that they unequivocally report seeing. Conversely, some patients with extensive damage to primary visual cortex can make accurate pointing movements or saccades toward a stimulus presented in their 'blind' scotoma. But in investigations of visuomotor control in patients with visual disorders, little consideration has been given to complex acts such as manual prehension. Grasping a three-dimensional object requires knowledge not only of the object's spatial location, but also of its form, orientation and size. We have examined a patient with a profound disorder in the perception of such object qualities. Our quantitative analyses demonstrate strikingly accurate guidance of hand and finger movements directed at the very objects whose qualities she fails to perceive. These data suggest that the neural substrates for the visual perception of object qualities such as shape, orientation and size are distinct from those underlying the use of those qualities in the control of manual skills.     

过冷大水滴粒径分布的欧拉-拉格朗日混合抽样算法及对冰型影响

过冷大水滴（supercooled large droplet,SLD）云雾环境不同于常规粒径范围的过冷水滴,具有更大的粒径范围和复杂的水滴粒径分布形式,使得结冰的冰型异常复杂,从而给飞行器的飞行安全带来了前所未有的挑战。现有结冰数值模拟方法仅能模拟单一粒径的水滴,无法准确模拟真实SLD云雾环境“双峰分布”的粒径分布特性和相应的冰型。为了准确高效模拟SLD这种粒径分布特性,本文提出了一种基于Rosin-Rammler 分布函数进行欧拉-拉格朗日混合抽样的水滴轨迹模拟算法。通过该方法收集水滴,再利用结冰模型与水膜模型计算表面溢流传热和冰高,从而实现了准确高效的SLD粒径分布的结冰数值模拟,并通过2.5维算例研究了SLD粒径分布对机翼结冰的冰型特征以及冰型空间随机性的影响。结果表明SLD的粒径分布对冰型有较大的影响,冰型特征和冰型随机性与MVD和粒径分布方差紧密关联。     

染色石膏颗粒一维压缩破碎与形状演化

使用染色石膏颗粒研究颗粒破碎过程中的形状演化,采用基于正交视图的拍照识别方法获取颗粒形状,借助Weibull分布函数对颗粒形状的统计分布进行定量表征,分析了染色石膏颗粒一维压缩破碎前后的颗粒形状特征。结果表明:破碎产生的颗粒与亲代颗粒粒径相差越大,其表面越粗糙、圆度越差、越扁平,且形状因子分布越不均匀;存活颗粒相比亲代颗粒形状变得更规则,形状因子分布趋向于均一化,而破碎颗粒的形状演化则完全相反;由于整体试样既包含存活颗粒又包含破碎颗粒,其形状演化规律未表现出明显的一致性。