海冰厚度测量方法及仪器的应用研究

为更好地在辽东湾开展雷达海冰监测、预报技术服务,专门研制出雷达冰厚测量记录仪来测量海冰厚度.通过现场实时的海冰厚度测量试验,对雷达冰厚测量记录仪的可靠性和应用性做出了分析和校正.实验结果表明,雷达冰厚测量记录仪样机整体性能良好,现场标定雷达冰厚测量准确率大于87.5%,样机填补了国内空白.     

磁致位移传感器冰雪厚度测量仪原理及其应用

基于磁致伸缩原理的位移传感器具有高精度、高稳定性、多位置测量的特点,据此研制了一种能同时测量冰/雪表面和冰底面变化的接触式冰雪厚度测量仪.该仪器被应用到低温实验室冰厚和南极固定冰区冰雪厚度的测量中.实验室历时540h,测量精度±0.13cm;现场应用持续6个月,测量精度±0.20cm.高精度的测量数据,特别是现场测量数据,为分析冰厚变化的细微过程提供了基础,为深入研究气-冰-海耦合过程,完善海冰热力学数值模型提供了支持.另外,该仪器还能为冰工程领域的研究提供技术支持.     

南极海冰厚度数值模拟

主要进行南极地区海冰厚度的数值模拟研究,并考虑太阳短波辐射等因素对南极海冰厚度变化的影响。根据我国第22次南极科学考察现场观测数据,建立了辨识海冰厚度的最优控制模型,并用遗传算法求解该最优控制问题,仿真结果与现场观测数据吻合良好,表明所建模型和求解算法是准确有效的。     

基于海洋石油平台的海冰监测系统

【目的】有效监测渤海辽东湾海冰状况,指导破冰船破冰,保障冬季冰期海洋石油平台的安全生产。【方法】在辽东湾石油平台上构建海冰测量系统,利用视频测冰技术、视频冰速测量技术及气象观测多种手段,在2011—2015年度连续4年冬季冰期观测平台周边海冰形貌、范围、运动轨迹,并对监测数据进行分析,给出24h海冰预报。【结果】基于海洋石油平台的海冰监测系统对海冰冰量、冰厚、冰速、冰类型监测数据准确,通过数据分析可以对海冰实施年、月、周、24h预报,短期预报与实际情况基本相符合,其中24h预报准确率在95%以上。【结论】基于海洋石油平台的海冰监测系统是一套运行可靠的监测系统,能准确地观测海冰的运行趋势,为冬季渤海辽东湾的抗冰活动提供指导。     

南极海冰导热系数优化辨识

根据我国第22次南极科学考察现场调查数据,建立了辨识海冰导热系数的参数辨识模型,依据海冰导热系数依赖于其温度盐度的变化关系,拟合得到了三种海冰导热系数依赖于温度盐度的函数关系.通过遗传算法对该优化辨识模型进行了数值求解,用辨识出的最优导热系数与目前通用的海冰导热系数经验公式分别对我国第21次南极科学考察观测温度数据进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明本文构造的辨识模型是正确有效的,辨识结果可供南极海冰数值模拟者参考.     

渤海辽东湾海冰条件的概率分析

本文利用辽东湾海域及其沿岸台站多年的海冰观测资料和有关气象资料,对该海域的海冰条件以及相应的气候规律进行了概率分析、研究了辽东湾南北两个分区的划分、冰厚与气温的关系、冰厚的极值概率分布、太阳黑子数以及El Nino现象对渤海冰情的影响及其长期变化的规律,得到一些可供辽东湾抗冰平台设计参考的数据和结论。     

拉布拉多海一年平整冰厚度SAR反演算法

在利用实测一年平整冰厚数据和同步全极化RADARSAT-2 SAR影像、全面分析不同SAR极化参数对海冰厚度敏感度的基础上,发现Alpha角最高;从理论上证实利用两者相关性反演冰厚的可行性,将所得经验方程用于冰厚反演,其结果与实测数据吻合较好;与现有常用方法的反演结果进行对比表明,新方法误差较小;Alpha角可以用于一年平整冰厚度反演,证明全极化SAR海冰信息反演冰厚确有优势。     

基于实测冰芯数据的南极海冰厚度的数值模拟

根据我国第22次南极科学考察现场观测数据以及现场采集的冰芯分析数据,考虑太阳辐射、云量等因素对南极海冰厚度变化的影响,利用最小二乘法辨识气温与冰表面温度之间的关系,并以辨识结果所得到的冰表面温度作为上边界条件,依据实测情况取结冰点-1．81℃作为下边界条件,对一维热传导方程采用Crank-Nicolson格式进行离散,对南极中山站内拉湾附近海域海冰厚度变化进行了数值模拟,并与现场观测的海冰厚度数据进行了对比。     

从船侧倾斜拍摄图像中提取海冰密集度的方法

为消除提取海冰密集度时因摄影镜头倾斜造成图像变形可能引起的误差,基于摄影测量学原理,对倾斜拍摄引起的图像变形进行修正,建立从倾斜拍摄的图像中提取海冰密集度的精确方法和相应的简化算法.以2006年德国南极威德尔海冬季考察中获取的图像为例,讨论了现场观测时的系统标定方法和不同算法的计算结果.对比分析验证了图像变形修正的必要性,说明简化算法能够同时保证海冰密集度计算的精度和效率.     

渤海海冰演化的三维数值模型

基于非结构化网格、有限体积三维海洋模型FVCOM建立了海洋-海冰耦合的渤海海冰数值模拟系统.模型中考虑了海冰动力过程和海冰热力过程,讨论了适合渤海的冰厚度分类规则、临界冰厚、短波辐射在冰内的透射率以及冰的热传输系数的合理取值.利用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)一小时一次的再分析气象数据作为驱动对2003—2004年冬季渤海海冰过程进行了模拟.模拟的渤海温盐计算值与实测值吻合较好,模拟的渤海冰盖分布与同期卫星遥感结果接近,模拟的辽东湾初冰日、终冰日的海冰面积、海冰厚度及其最大值和最大值对应的时刻与实测值基本一致.模拟与实测结果对比表明,建立的三维海冰数值模型能比较合理地反映渤海动力过程、气象条件影响下的温盐场过程以及渤海海冰的生消演化过程,具有较高的计算精度和计算效率,适合用于渤海海冰中长期数值模拟.     

冰后回弹对南极地区冰盖质量变化影响的研究

全球海平面变化关系着人类的生存和发展,一直以来就是科学界重点关注的问题;而南极地区存储的冰是影响海平面变化最主要的因素。主要详细地阐述了冰后回弹的基本理论,以及利用GRACE重力数据计算冰后回弹的基本理论;并推导了相关的计算公式。最后,利用GRACE月重力场数据对冰后回弹和南极地区质量变化进行了试算。实验结果表明:南极地区冰后回弹效应范围为-0.987~20.3 mm/a;其中在极点附近的冰后回弹效应较强。     

Ice radar investigation at Dome A, East Antarctica: Ice thickness and subglacial topography

Dome A, located in the central East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS), is the highest summit of the Antarctic ice sheet. From ice-sheet evolution modeling results, Dome A is likely to preserve over one million years of the Earth’s paleo-climatic and -environmental records, and considered an ideal deep ice core drilling site. Ice thickness and subglacial topography are critical factors for ice-sheet models to determine the timescale and location of a deep ice core. During the 21st and 24th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 21, 2004/05; CHINARE 24, 2007/08), ground-based ice radar systems were used to a three-dimensional investigation in the central 30 km×30 km region at Dome A. The successfully obtained high resolution and accuracy data of ice thickness and subglacial topography were then interpolated into the ice thickness distribution and subglacial topography digital elevation model (DEM) with a regular grid resolution of 140.5 m×140.5 m. The results of the ice radar investigation indicate that the average ice thickness in the Dome A central 30 km×30 km region is 2233 m, with a minimal ice thickness of 1618 m and a maximal ice thickness of 3139 m at Kunlun Station. The subglacial topography is relatively sharp, with an elevation range of 949–2445 m. The typical, clear mountain glaciation morphology is likely to reflect the early evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet. Based on the ice thickness distribution and subglacial topography characteristics, the location of Kunlun Station was suggested to carry out the first high-resolution, long time-scale deep ice core drilling. However, the internal structure and basal environments at Kunlun Station still need further research to determine.     

Preliminary results of ice radar investigation along the traverse between Zhongshan and Dome A in East Antarctic ice sheet: Ice thickness and subglacial topography

During the 24th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 24, 2007/08), a ground-based ice radar was used to survey ice thickness and subglacial topography along the 1170 km traverse between Zhongshan and Dome A in East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS). Ice-bedrock interface was detected along 82% of the traverse and data was collected at a horizontal resolution of <5.6 m. The data was processed to produce curves of ice thickness distribution and subglacial topography along the traverse. The results indicate that, along the traverse, the average ice thickness is 2037 m, smaller than the average ice thickness in EAIS; the thickest ice is at 730 km, and the thinnest ice (891 m) is at the edge of the ice sheet, but the slightly larger ice thickness (1078 m) in inland appears at 1020 km; the average subglacial topography elevation is 728 m, greatly larger than the average value in EAIS, and the largest elevation reaches up to 2650 m at 1034 km. The lowest terrain is located at 765 km. In further inland of 900–1170 km, the subglacial topography is relatively high due to the existence of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains in the region. Generally, the influence of subglacial topography on ice surface is not significant, except at 900 km where great rise of subglacial topography causes evident uplift of ice surface. Where ice-bedrock interface was detected, the frequent and strong change of ice thickness and subglacial topography in small-scale means large bedrock roughness along the traverse, and is considered as the result of the integrated influence of ice flow, basal environments and geology. The segment where bedrock was not detected has very large ice thickness. The strong ice flow there also makes internal structure more complicated and induces serious attenuation of radar signals.     

GMS红外通道实时资料遥感海冰的研究

利用１９９４年１，２月的ＧＭＳ－４的红外亮温和可见光反照率资料，以辽江湾海冰为对象，得到了海冰参数的提以方法和冰厚遥感数字分布。根据冰水物理特性的差异，建立了冰水识别的判据，发现用亮温可以较好地识别冰水，由此和到了冰水区分的亮温疮阀值。     

海冰微波辐射特征的研究

本文给出了海冰介电常数的理论模型和海冰分层辐射理论模型，并用计算机编程计算了两种理论模型。从实验角度，本文给出了测量数据的曲线拟合方法，并着手建立了海冰测厚的计算机自动监测系统。     

Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves

Accurate prediction of global sea-level rise requires that we understand the cause of recent, widespread and intensifying glacier acceleration along Antarctic ice-sheet coastal margins. Atmospheric and oceanic forcing have the potential to reduce the thickness and extent of floating ice shelves, potentially limiting their ability to buttress the flow of grounded tributary glaciers. Indeed, recent ice-shelf collapse led to retreat and acceleration of several glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula. But the extent and magnitude of ice-shelf thickness change, the underlying causes of such change, and its link to glacier flow rate are so poorly understood that its future impact on the ice sheets cannot yet be predicted. Here we use satellite laser altimetry and modelling of the surface firn layer to reveal the circum-Antarctic pattern of ice-shelf thinning through increased basal melt. We deduce that this increased melt is the primary control of Antarctic ice-sheet loss, through a reduction in buttressing of the adjacent ice sheet leading to accelerated glacier flow. The highest thinning rates occur where warm water at depth can access thick ice shelves via submarine troughs crossing the continental shelf. Wind forcing could explain the dominant patterns of both basal melting and the surface melting and collapse of Antarctic ice shelves, through ocean upwelling in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas, and atmospheric warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. This implies that climate forcing through changing winds influences Antarctic ice-sheet mass balance, and hence global sea level, on annual to decadal timescales.     

基于SPH方法的渤海海冰动力学数值模拟

简要介绍了光滑质点流体动力学 (smoothed particle hydrodynamics,简称SPH) 方法的基本原理,并将此方法应用到渤海海冰动力学数值模拟中. 在对海冰动力学方程和粘弹塑性本构方程进行SPH处理的基础上,对渤海海冰的动力演化过程进行了48 h的数值模拟,得到了海冰厚度、密集度、速度和主应力的演化过程及分布规律,同时对模拟的海冰厚度等值线分布与卫星遥感图像进行了对比分析. 数值模拟结果表明,SPH能够精确地模拟海冰分布规律以及冰缘线的位置,具有很高的计算精度和稳定性,是一种有效的海冰动力学数值模拟方法.